Why Do Cells Divide? They have grown too large so THE ________________/____________________ Ratio is too SMALL

To allow an organism to grow and increase its _________ Why Do Cells Divide? To allow an organism to grow and increase its _________

The Cell Cycle INTERPHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE INCLUDES THESE 3 STEPS ABBEVIATED AS A. B. C.

The Cell Cycle DURNG THIS PHASEOF THE CELL CYCLE NORMAL CELL GROWTH OCCURS ___________________

The Cell Cycle DURNG THIS PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE DNA IS REPLICATED ___________________

The Cell Cycle DURNG THIS PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE CELL ORGANELLES ARE DOUBLED ___________________

The Cell Cycle DURNG THIS PHASE OF THE CELL CYCLE THE NUCLEUS DIVIDES ___________________

The Cell Cycle DURNG CYTOKINESIS OF THE CELL CYCLE - CELLS __________________

Inside the nucleus DNA condenses to form ___________________ DNA in the Cell Inside the nucleus DNA condenses to form ___________________

DNA in the Cell Chromosomes are made from proteins called _______________________________ and DNA- together known as CHROMATIN

DNA in the Cell Each chromosome consists of identical halves called ___________________

Sister chromatids are joined together at the ____________________ DNA in the Cell Sister chromatids are joined together at the ____________________

Number & Types of Chromosomes HUMAN cells each have ?? total chromosomes

Number & Types of Chromosomes HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Every SEXUALLY REPRODUCING organism gets two copies of each CHROMOSOME (1 from mom and 1 from dad) HUMAN cells each have 46 total chromosomes - 23 pairs Each pair of chromosome are called HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes Homologous chromosomes carry genes for the SAME traits __________are chromosomes 1-22 and DO NOT determine an individuals gender

Number & Types of Chromosomes HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Every SEXUALLY REPRODUCING organism gets two copies of each CHROMOSOME (1 from mom and 1 from dad) HUMAN cells each have 46 total chromosomes - 23 pairs Each pair of chromosome are called HOMOLOGOUS chromosomes Homologous chromosomes carry genes for the SAME traits __________are chromosomes 1-22 and DO NOT determine an individuals gender

Number & Types of Chromosomes ______ chromosomes determine the ________of an organism ____ = Female ____ = Male WHAT IS THIS PERSONS GENDER?

Number & Types of Chromosomes ______ chromosomes determine the ________of an organism ____ = Female ____ = Male WHAT IS THIS PERSONS GENDER?

Number & Types of Chromosomes ______ chromosomes determine the ________of an organism ____ = Female ____ = Male WHAT IS THIS PERSONS GENDER?

Diploid & Haploid Cells Diploid Cells: Cells with 2 copies of each chromosome The normal body cells are called _________cells, and they are all _________ Like a nerve cell …. or muscle cells

Diploid & Haploid Cells Diploid Cells: Cells with 2 copies of each chromosome The normal body cells are called _________cells, and they are all _________ Like a nerve cell …. or muscle cells

Diploid & Haploid Cells Haploid Cells: Cells with ____ copy of each chromosome SEX cells like the sperm & egg are ____________cells Haploid Cells: Cells with ____ copy of each chromosome SEX cells like the sperm & egg are ____________cells

Diploid & Haploid Cells Haploid Cells: Cells with ____ copy of each chromosome SEX cells like the sperm & egg are ____________cells Haploid Cells: Cells with ____ copy of each chromosome SEX cells like the sperm & egg are ____________cells

Cell Division in Prokaryotes BINARY FISSION Prokaryotic Organisms: AUnicellular bacteria with no nucleus or membrane bound ORGANELLES Their DNA is found as One ____________Chromosome Their cells reproduce through _________FISSION DNA is replicated, cell doubles in size and splits

Cell Division in Prokaryotes BINARY FISSION Prokaryotic Organisms: AUnicellular bacteria with no nucleus or membrane bound ORGANELLES Their DNA is found as One ____________Chromosome Their cells reproduce through _________FISSION DNA is replicated, cell doubles in size and splits

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses & nucleus disappears ______________fibers (microtubules) form & move chromosomes ________________begin to migrate Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the middle of the cell aka ___________________ Anaphase __________________are pulled apart by spindle fibers and sister chromatids split Chromatids move toward ____________poles Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell ______________ reappears Spindle disappears Cytokinesis Cell splits to form 2 new ____________CELLS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&list=PLB261A77941D856DC

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses & nucleus disappears ______________fibers (microtubules) form & move chromosomes ________________begin to migrate Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the middle of the cell aka ___________________ Anaphase __________________are pulled apart by spindle fibers and sister chromatids split Chromatids move toward ____________poles Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell ______________ reappears Spindle disappears Cytokinesis Cell splits to form 2 new ____________CELLS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&list=PLB261A77941D856DC

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses & nucleus disappears ______________fibers (microtubules) form & move chromosomes ________________begin to migrate Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the middle of the cell aka ___________________ Anaphase __________________are pulled apart by spindle fibers and sister chromatids split Chromatids move toward ____________poles Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell ______________ reappears Spindle disappears Cytokinesis Cell splits to form 2 new ____________CELLS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&list=PLB261A77941D856DC

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses & nucleus disappears ______________fibers (microtubules) form & move chromosomes ________________begin to migrate Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the middle of the cell aka ___________________ Anaphase __________________are pulled apart by spindle fibers and sister chromatids split Chromatids move toward ____________poles Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell ______________ reappears Spindle disappears Cytokinesis Cell splits to form 2 new ____________CELLS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&list=PLB261A77941D856DC

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses & nucleus disappears ______________fibers (microtubules) form & move chromosomes ________________begin to migrate Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the middle of the cell aka ___________________ Anaphase __________________are pulled apart by spindle fibers and sister chromatids split Chromatids move toward ____________poles Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell ______________ reappears Spindle disappears Cytokinesis Cell splits to form 2 new ____________CELLS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&list=PLB261A77941D856DC

Stages of Mitosis Prophase Chromatin condenses & nucleus disappears ______________fibers (microtubules) form & move chromosomes ________________begin to migrate Metaphase Spindles align chromosomes in the middle of the cell aka ___________________ Anaphase __________________are pulled apart by spindle fibers and sister chromatids split Chromatids move toward ____________poles Telophase Chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of cell ______________ reappears Spindle disappears Cytokinesis Cell splits to form 2 new ____________CELLS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0&list=PLB261A77941D856DC

Stages of Mitosis This is mitosis in a PLANT cell

Stages of Mitosis This is mitosis in an ANIMAL cell

Cytokinesis - Plant vs. Animal Cells In Animal Cells: A _____________FURROW pinches one cell into 2 cells In Plant Cells: A CELL _________makes a new cell wall dividing the cells

Meiosis Vocabulary Diploid Cells  cells with 2 of each type of chromosome (1 from mom and 1 from dad) n= number of pairs of chromosomes Diploid Cells = 2n Zygote = fertilized egg Gametes= haploid sex cells Fertilization= union of egg and sperm Sexual Reproduction  Parents generate specialized sex cells

Meiosis Getting from diploid to haploid cells: Meiosis Where does it Meiosis occur in humans? In Males it occurs in the _____________ In Femalesit occurs in the _____________

Meiosis Overview Meiosis I 1 Diploid * cell splits into 2 haploid cells Meiosis II 2 haploid daughter cells undergo mitosis Forms 4 haploid sex cells Same as mitosis

Meiosis I Prophase I Homologous chromosomes pair together a process called ____________ Each homologous pair of chromosomes is called a _____________ PORTIONS of chromatids break off and attach to adjacent homologous chromatids this process is known as CROSSING OVER Crossing Over creates NEW gene combinations – the chromosomes of your sex cells are combinations of both your mom and dads!!! Metaphase I Homologous chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE of the cell Anaphase I Homologous CHROMOSOMES move to opposite poles of the cell Random separation of homologous chromosomes is called INDEPENDENT Assortment Telophase I Chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell Cytokinesis begins

Meiosis I

Meiosis II 2 _______________cells go through the process of mitosis & cell division The result of meiosis II is 4 _____________cells Gamete Formation In males meiosis creates 4 _________cells (called spermatids) In females the cytoplasm is unevenly divided so that only 1 big cell THE ___________is formed, along with 3 other cells known as POLAR bodies

Meiosis II