States of Matter 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. 6.2 CHAPTER NEW CHAPTER States of Matter the BIG idea Particles of matter are in constant motion. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. 6.2 Temperature depends on particle movement. 6.3 Changes of state are physical changes. CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER RESOURCES

Matter exists in different physical states. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. CALIFORNIA Content Standards 8.3.d Students know the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) depend on molecular motion. 8.3.e Students know that in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently. states of matter solid liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

6.1 states of matter Matter exists in different physical states. solid The different forms in which matter can exist. Three familiar states are solid, liquid, and gas. liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.1 solid Matter exists in different physical states. states of matter solid solid Matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume. The molecules in a solid are in fixed positions and are close together. liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Matter exists in different physical states. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape. states of matter solid liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

6.1 liquid Matter exists in different physical states. states of matter liquid solid Matter that has a definite volume but does not have a definite shape. The molecules in a liquid are close together but not bound to one another. liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Matter exists in different physical states. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape. states of matter Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. solid liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

6.1 gas Matter exists in different physical states. states of matter gas solid Matter with no definite volume and no definite shape. The molecules in a gas are very far apart, and the amount of space between them can change easily. liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Matter exists in different physical states. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape. states of matter Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. solid Gases have no fixed volume and no fixed shape. liquid gas CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

Matter exists in different physical states. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. Solids have a fixed volume and a fixed shape. states of matter Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape. solid Gases have no fixed volume and no fixed shape. liquid gas SIMULATION Explore the behavior of a gas. CLASSZONE.COM CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

Plasmas Plasma-The most common state of matter in the universe -are gases whose particles have so much energy that they become electrically charged. Examples-Stars and lightning are naturally occurring plasmas. Examples-Fluorescent lights and plasma television displays are man-made uses of plasma.

6.2 CALIFORNIA Content Standards Temperature depends on particle movement. CALIFORNIA Content Standards 8.3.e Students know that in solids the atoms are closely locked in position and can only vibrate; in liquids the atoms and molecules are more loosely connected and can collide with and move past one another; and in gases the atoms and molecules are free to move independently, colliding frequently. kinetic theory of matter temperature thermometer CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

All Matter is made of moving particles Kinetic Energy- The energy of motion Particles in a solid are held tightly together and cannot move very much except to vibrate back and forth.

All Matter is made of moving particles Particles in a liquid move around much more freely than particles in a solid. -They constantly tumble and slide over each other. Particles in a gas are far apart from each other and move at high speeds. -They might collide but otherwise don't interact very much.

kinetic theory of matter 6.2 Temperature depends on particle movement. kinetic theory of matter kinetic theory of matter temperature -all particles that make up matter are constantly in motion. -A moving object has the most kinetic energy at the point where it moves the fastest. thermometer CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.2 temperature Temperature depends on particle movement. kinetic theory of matter temperature temperature A measure of the average amount of kinetic energy of the particles in an object. thermometer CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.2 Temperature and Kinetic Energy kinetic theory of matter • Particles in a warmer substance have a greater average kinetic energy than particles in a cooler substance. temperature thermometer cold liquid hot liquid CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

6.2 Temperature and Kinetic Energy •The relationship between temperature and energy explains why objects heat up or cool off. ***For example, in order to warm your hands, energy must be added in the form of heat to make particles move faster. -This makes the hands warmer. -A hot bowl of soup cools down due to collisions between its particles and the cooler, slower-moving particles of air, which cause the particles in the soup to slow down. • kinetic theory of matter • temperature thermometer • VISUALIZATION Explore how temperature affects the speed of particles. CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

Temperature and Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy depends on mass as well as speed. ***Example-Particles in a doorknob move more slowly than particles in the air; however, the metal atoms in a doorknob are much heavier, which gives them kinetic energy. The air and the doorknob can have the same average kinetic energy and, therefore, the same temperature.

Temperature can be Measured Temperature is measured on different scales. A temperature scale is usually defined by giving values to the boiling point of water and the freezing point of water.

Temperature can be Measured The Fahrenheit scale has wide use in the United States, from weather reports to cooking instructions. It was developed in the early 1700s by Gabriel Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water is 32°F (degrees Fahrenheit), The boiling point of water is 212°F.

Temperature can be Measured The Celsius scale is the temperature scale used in most of the world. It was developed in the 1740s by Anders Celsius. The freezing point of water is 0°C (degrees Celsius), and The boiling point of water is 100°C. If the air temperature is 30°C, it is a nice warm day (equal to 86°F).

6.2 Temperature can be Measured thermometer kinetic theory of matter A device for measuring temperature. In a mercury thermometer, liquid mercury expands when it heats up and contracts when it cools down. Ex-The liquid expands along a thin tube lined with numbers that record the temperature. Since mercury is dangerous, most thermometers made today use alcohol. temperature thermometer CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Temperature can be Measured Other thermometers measure the electrical properties of a material inside the thermometer as the temperature changes. These thermometers can be read by a computer and are often used in cars and homes.

Changes of states are physical changes. 6.3 Changes of states are physical changes. CALIFORNIA Content Standards 8.5.d Students know physical processes include freezing and boiling, in which a material changes form with no chemical reaction. 8.7.c Students know substances can be classified by their properties, including their melting temperature, density, hardness, and thermal and electrical conductivity. melting melting point freezing freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

Changes of states are physical changes. 6.3 Changes of states are physical changes. Matter can change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas. melting melting point freezing freezing freezing point Solid Liquid evaporation melting sublimation boiling condensation boiling point condensation Liquid Gas CHAPTER RESOURCES evaporation, boiling SECTION OUTLINE

6.3 melting Changes of states are physical changes. melting point freezing The process by which a substance changes from its solid state to its liquid state. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 melting point Changes of states are physical changes. freezing The temperature at which a substance changes from its solid state to its liquid state through melting. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 freezing Changes of states are physical changes. melting freezing melting point freezing The process by which a substance changes from its liquid state into its solid state. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 freezing point Changes of states are physical changes. melting freezing point melting point freezing The temperature at which a substance changes from its liquid state to its solid state through freezing. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 evaporation Changes of states are physical changes. melting evaporation melting point freezing A process by which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gas state by random particle movement. Evaporation usually occurs at the surface of a liquid over a wide range of temperatures. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 sublimation Changes of states are physical changes. melting sublimation melting point freezing The process by which a substance changes directly from its solid state to its gas state without becoming a liquid first. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 boiling Changes of states are physical changes. melting boiling melting point freezing A process by which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gas state. The liquid is heated to a specific temperature at which bubbles of vapor form within the liquid. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 boiling point Changes of states are physical changes. melting boiling point melting point freezing The temperature at which a substance changes from its liquid state to its gas state through boiling. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.3 condensation Changes of states are physical changes. melting condensation melting point freezing The process by which a gas changes into a liquid. freezing point evaporation sublimation boiling boiling point condensation CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Matter exists in different physical states. 6.1 Matter exists in different physical states. I. Matter exists in different physical states. states of matter A. Particle arrangement and motion determine the state of matter. solid B. Solid, liquid, and gas are common states of matter. liquid gas C. Solids have a definite volume and shape. D. Liquids have a definite volume but no definite shape. E. Gases have no definite volume or shape. 1. Gas Composition CHAPTER RESOURCES 2. Plasmas KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

6.2 Temperature depends on particle movement. II. Temperature depends on particle movement. kinetic theory of matter A. All matter is made of moving particles. 1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter temperature thermometer 2. Temperature and Kinetic Energy B. Temperature can be measured. 1. Temperature Scales 2. Thermometers 3. Thermal Expansion CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Changes of states are physical changes. 6.3 Changes of states are physical changes. III. Changes of states are physical changes. melting A. Matter can change from one state to another. melting point B. Solids can become liquids, and liquids can become solids. freezing freezing point 1. Melting evaporation 2. Freezing sublimation C. Liquids can become gases, and gases can become liquids. boiling boiling point 1. Evaporation condensation 2. Boiling CHAPTER RESOURCES 3. Condensation KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. SIMULATION Explore the behavior of a gas. CLASSZONE.COM VISUALIZATION Explore how temperature affects the speed of particles.

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