Meg Devlin O’Sullivan, SUNY New Paltz “Indigenous Political Sovereignty and the United States” Meg Devlin O’Sullivan, SUNY New Paltz
2010 Census 565 federally recognized tribes; plus state recognized and non-recognized groups 334 fed and state reservations Native Americans comprise 1.7 % of U.S. population 5.2 million people
Native American? Indian? Indigenous? Tribal Affiliation? @ClevelandFrowns / Copyright 2002 Lalo Alcaraz and Universal Uclick syndicate Terminology
http://invasionofamerica.ehistory.org/
Pre-contact/Invasion (Near Present-day St Louis)
“Civilization” 1790
Removal 1830
Trail of Tears http://www.cherokeemuseum.org/html/collections_tot.html
Reservation “Era” Apaches en route to Florida http://www
“Interest them in the accumulation of property, which is one of the most important steps in civilization.” Allotment, 1887 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1877
Tom Torlino (Navajo), Carlisle, October 1882 http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/erdrich/boarding/index.htm Tom Torlino (Navajo), Carlisle, October 1882 Three years later
http://www. english. illinois http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/erdrich/boarding/gallery.htm Apache children at the Carlisle Indian School Four months later
“To domesticate and civilize Indians is a noble work… “To domesticate and civilize Indians is a noble work…. But to allow them to drag on along year after year, and generation after generation, in their old superstitions, laziness, and filth, when we have the power to elevate them in the scale of humanity, would be a lasting disgrace to our government.” Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior for the Year 1881
Indian Reorganization Act 1934
Post-War Policies into the 21st Century Termination & Relocation (1953) Self-Determination (1975)
Conclusions ?