Review Ch. 2: Ecology of Socialization (what are 1, 2, 3 & 4?) What is meant by Aims of Socialization? What are the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory? Name and describe the various Methods of Socialization. Last week we were introduced to reinforcement and punishment. For reinforcement we talked about negative and positive reinforcement. The same is true for punishment. What do you think positive punishment means?

Aims of Socialization Develop a self-concept Enable self-regulation An individual’s perception of his or her identity as distinct from that of others Enable self-regulation The ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions … until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression Empower achievement Setting appropriate goal based on an understanding of development Teach appropriate social roles To be part of a group, individuals must have a function that complements the group Implement developmental skills a task that lies between an individual need and a societal demand ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Jeopardy $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 $800 In infancy (b-1), babies learn based on their caregiver’s responsiveness. Trust vs. Mistrust In toddlerhood (1-3), children need reasonable opportunities for choice. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt In early childhood (3-6), the world is explored through play and imagination. Initiative vs. Guilt In middle childhood (6-11), cooperation and productivity lead to success. Industry vs. Inferiority In adolescence, pre-teens and teens must come to better understand themselves. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion In early adulthood, many young adults focus on close personal relationships. Intimacy vs. Isolation In middle adulthood, the focus often shifts to caring for others. Generativity vs. Self-Absorption In late adulthood, individuals must come to terms with their lives. (Ego) Integrity vs. Despair

Methods of Socialization Affective – having to do with feelings or emotions (e.g., attachment) Operant – producing an effect (e.g., reinforcement, punishment, feedback, learning by doing) Observational – imitation by observing/watching (e.g., modeling) Cognitive – processing information, meaning from experiences (e.g., instruction, setting standards, reasoning) Sociocultural – characteristics of the social environment (e.g., group pressure, tradition) Apprenticeship – a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks

Operant Conditioning – Positive and Negative Reinforcement … and Punishment

Reinforcements and Punishments with The University of Iowa

Reinforcements and Punishments with The Simpsons

A child completes their homework in a timely fashion A child completes their homework in a timely fashion. They receive a good grade from their teacher and praise from their parent. A child doesn’t complete their homework. They receive a poor grade from their teacher and criticism from their parent. After a child receives a poor grade due to missing homework, the parent takes away a favored electronic device and implements a policy that requires the child complete their homework first thing when they arrive home from school. The child then pulls up their grade, so the parent removes the policy that the child must do homework immediately upon arriving home for the day and returns the electronic device.

Preview— Ecology of the Family

Chapter 3 -- Preview Family Systems Family Structures Family Functions Family Transitions Macrosystem Influences Chronosystem Influences

Chapter 3 Quiz 1) Explain the terms nuclear family and extended family. How do they relate to each other? (You may choose to create a diagram or provide a written explanation). 2) Explain the terms family of orientation and family of procreation. How do they relate to each other? (You may choose to create a diagram or provide a written explanation). SES is a simple variable that is based on a family’s income level? T/F The structure of a family accurately describes its function? T/F The ______________________ family is one in which the children are part of two homes and two family groups.

Family Structures Nuclear family Extended family A family consisting of a husband, a wife, and their children Extended family Relatives of the nuclear family who are economically and emotionally dependent on each other ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 3-3, p. 89 Figure 3.3: Extended Family. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Fig. 3-3, p. 89

Family Structures Family of orientation Family of procreation The family into which one is born Family of procreation The family that develops when one marries and has children ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

Fig. 3-2, p. 88 Figure 3.2: Nuclear Family. ©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Fig. 3-2, p. 88