6:25 World War I

Causes of WWI The Great War (July 28, 1914 – Nov. 11, 1919) Immediate causes: June 28, 1914: Gavrilo Princip’s assassination of Archduke Frans Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie Gavrilo Princip—Serbian, member of the Black Hand, nationalist organization dedicated to ending Austria-Hungary’s rule over the Balkans Full scale war declared August 4, 1914

Causes of WWI Long-term causes: MAIN Militarism—aggressive military preparedness Alliances—members agree to protect one another when attacked Allied Powers—Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan; later: US, China Central Powers—Germany, Austria- Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Causes of WWI Imperialism—European tensions from competition to create colonies Nationalism--intense loyalty to others who share ones language and culture Self-determination—people of the same ethnicity, language, and culture should be independent Overarching belief that the war would end quickly  4 year stalemate

Weapons Poison gas—chlorine, phosgene, mustard gas Machine guns—500 rounds/minute Submarines—interrupted shipping Airplanes—reconnaissance Tanks—allowed for travel over trenches Trench warfare—miles of below ground tunnels

United States Entry (April 6, 1917) Economic ties to Allied Powers and democracy Lusitania (May, 1915)—German U-boats sink ocean liner carrying 100+ US citizens Zimmerman Telegraph (January, 1917)— Germans offer to help Mexico regain US territory if it joins Central Powers

Russian Revolution (1917-1920) Russian casualties  revolts in St. Petersburg  Tsar Nicolas II overthrown in March 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (November 1917)— Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik (radical socialists) seize govt “peace, land, and bread” soviets—groups of workers and soldiers led by socialists Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)—Russia withdraws from WWI, gave Germany the Ukraine

Total War total war—a nation dedicates all of its resources to a war effort women worked in factories building war materials govts set production quotas, price/wage controls food rationing, “victory gardens” media censorship, 1st Amendment restricted propaganda—inaccurate or slanted information meant to influence opinions

End of WWI Treaty of Versailles—Germany surrenders, immense penalties Armistice Day—November 11, 1919 ~8M dead, 21M wounded, 6-13M civilian causalities “The war to end all wars”

Some historians have argued that German hyperinflation was part of the war, not the peace

End of WWI genocide—killing a group of people based on their race, religion, or ethnicity 600k-1.5M Armenian Christians in Turkey pandemic—disease prevalent over a large area 20M across the world from Spanish flu Lost Generation—authors who wrote about realities of war

Armenians killed during the Armenian Genocide

Paris Peace Conference The Big Four—Woodrow Wilson (US), David Lloyd George (Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), no Russia Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points—plan to est. long lasting peace, “peace without victory” League of Nations—international peacekeeping organization, US doesn’t join reparations—payment for wrongdoings, Central Powers pay Allied Powers billions

Effects of WWI Mandate system—ruled over former Central Power colonies African, Arab, Asian nationalism, calls for decolonization Mustafa Kamal, aka Attaturk (1923- 1938)—president, westernizer of Turkey Pan-Arabism—called for unification of N. Africa and SW Asia Balfour Declaration (1917)—Palestine created as a Jewish homeland

The Middle East after World War I Despite promises to the Arab peoples who supported them in the war to let them decide their own postwar political fate, the victorious British and French allies divided much of the Middle East into what in effect were new colonial enclaves.

At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice At the Paris peace conference of 1919, the Arabs sought a new voice. The Arab representatives included Prince Feisal, later king of Iraq, and an Iraqi general. A British delegation member, T. E. Lawrence (third from the right), was a longtime friend of the Arabs. The Arabs did not win national self-determination for their homelands, as the British had promised during the war.

This photograph, probably taken without the knowledge of the British authorities, shows the construction of the gallows that were used to hang the four peasants who were executed in reprisal for the attacks on British soldiers at Dinshawai in 1906. The Dinshawai incident exemplified the colonizers' tendency to overreact to any sign of overt resistance on the part of the colonized.

Soldiers, like those captured in this photograph, were extensively recruited by the French in their colonies in North and West Africa, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam to bolster their defenses on the Western Front in France and battle the Germans in colonized Africa.

Effects of WWI March 1st Movement (1919)—2M Koreans rebel against Japanese colonization, crushed by Japan May 4th Movement (1919)—Chinese angered over loss of Shandong Peninsula to Japan, revolt against Western democracy US becomes richest, most powerful nation in the world Anti-immigrant displays and racism increase