Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West Chapter 24 (P. 678-705)

Latin America Inspired by the American & French Revolutions Enlightenment ideas spread Resentment of colonial powers

Divided Society Peninsulares- Born in Spain Top of society Only people who could hold high office in colonial government Small percentage of population

Divided Society Creoles- Spaniards born in Latin America Below peninsulares in rank Could not hold high-level political office but could rise as high officers in colonial armies

Divided Society Below Peninsulares & Creoles: Mestizos- mixed European & Indian ancestry Mulattos- mixed European & African ancestry, & enslaved Africans Indians

Haiti Slave revolt Led by: Toussaint L’Ouverture First black colony to free itself from European control

Creoles Lead Independence Least oppressed of those born in Latin America Best educated Traveled to Europe Returned with Enlightenment ideas

Simon Bolivar Venezuelan Creole Won victory in Venezuela then went to Ecuador Where he met Jose de san Martin

Jose de San Martin Argentinian Freed Chile Met with Bolivar Bolivar took San Martin’s army to liberate Peru

Mexico Miguel Hidalgo Priest, called for rebellion Grit de Delores (cry of Delores)

Mexico Initial attempts at gaining independence were defeated Until a revolution in Spain put a liberal group pin power Mexico’s Creoles feared the loss of their privileges- united with rebellion

Brazil Occurred without violence or widespread bloodshed Portugal had moved capital to Brazil (14 years)

Brazil Portuguese government returned to Portugal King’s son stayed Demands for independence & for king’s son to rule He agreed- bloodless revolution

Europe- Clash of Philosophies Conservative- usually wealthy property owners & nobility, wanted to protect traditional monarchies Liberal- mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants, wanted to give more power to elected parliaments Radical- favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

Nationalism The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history Will blur the lines between the three political theories

Nation-State Nation with its own independent government Defends its territory & way of life Represents the nation to the rest of the world

Bonds that Create a Nation-State Culture History Language Territory Nationality Religion

Types of Nationalist Movements Type: Unification Characteristics: Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands Examples: 19th Century Germany and Italy

Types of Nationalist Movements Type: Separation Characteristics: Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away Examples: Greeks in the Ottoman Empire, French-speaking Canadians

Types of Nationalist Movements Type: State-building Characteristics: Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture Examples: United States, Turkey

Effects of Nationalism Austrian Empire- breaks up into Austria- Hungary Russian Empire- Disunification & end of Czars Ottoman Empire- Armenian massacre & weakening of empire

Italy Unified Capital- Rome Pope continues to govern Vatican City

Germany Unification led by Prussia Otto von Bismark Prime Minister Realpolitik- tough power politics without idealism

Germany Bismarck united Germans by force King Wilhelm I of Prussia named Kaiser (emperor) Second Reich HRE was the first

Effect of Nationalism Europe’s balance of power had broken down Britain & Germany- most powerful Austria & Russia- lag behind France- somewhere in the middle