What is Drama ???? A work of literature/ a composition which delineates life and human and activity, presenting various actions and dialogues between groups of characters. A literary work that is supposed to be performed, not to be read. A narrative art in which a playwright had learned to present a story

What is Drama ???? Portrays a real life and human nature. Utilizes plot and character, develops theme, and arouses emotion, appears humor. Drama can be defined as theatre ( Greek : theatron)

DRAMA NORMALLY PRESENTS ACTION THROUGH ACTORS : Spectators (audience) see what is done and hear, what is said. The acted play present this materials all at once ON A STAGE : Forcefully command the spectators’ attention The playwright does not depend on the power of words alone BEFORE THE AUDIENCE Creates a communal experience. Its impact is intensified

HISTORY OF DRAMA It is based on 4 things, they are : The mimetic faculty The sympathetic magic A belief in Gods A fear of starvation

DRAMA Tragedy Comedy History Types of Drama DRAMA Tragedy Comedy History

GREEK TRAGEDY definition

Characteristic of Tragedy : Tragic Hero Tragic Action Tragic Irony Tragic Flaw Tragic Rhythm of Action

STRUCTURE OF GREEK TRAGEDY Prologue Parodos Episode Stasimon Erodos

GREEK COMEDY Definition: It is generally divided into three categories. They are : Old Comedy, Middle Comedy, New Comedy A comedy is a work in which the materials are selected and managed primarily in order to interest and amuse The term comedy is also occurs in prose fiction, and narrative poetry

TYPES OF COMEDY Lets see

TRAGEDY and COMEDY The Differences TRAGEDY Unhappy Climax The subject matter is dark COMEDY Happy climax The subject matter is light

ROMAN COMEDY It is a new comedy It is exemplifie by Menander It is greatly imitated by the Roman Comedy writers (Plautus and Terence) It has a great inlfuence on Renaissance and Elizabethan Drama

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH DRAMA

ELIZABETHAN DRAMA (ELIZABETHAN AGE) Actors  no actress, only boys Costume  symbolic Theme  royal family  wars Audience  nobility and humble citizens Works  Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex

PURITAN AGE It is also called as the collapse of the drama

RESTORATION DRAMA Actors  actors and actresses Theme  no certain theme ; for amusement Audience  nobility only The play  Davenant’s Stege of Rhodes Howard’s Indian Queen

18th CENTURY DRAMA Audience  both nobility and humble citizens Plays  Goldsmith’s She Stoop to Conque  Sheridan’s The School for Scandal

MODERN DRAMA Henrik Ibsen is the expert (1828-1906) He is a Nowergian ; the father of problem plays Drama must deal with human emotions with things near to ordinary men and women It is drama of ideas, based on contemporary social condition.

The Greatness of Ibsen lies on : His technique His ability to understand human beings & present them on stage Like real people language plot lighting exposition setting and small events dialogue

Ibsen’s Plays : The Pillars of The Community The Wild Duck Ghost Hedda Gabler A Doll’s House

DEFINING THE PLAY Introduction : The student begin his analysis of a play with an extended definition. The students not only define whether it is a tragedy or comedy, but rather the students attempts delineate accurately the particular world of this particular play

DEFINING THE PLAY It covers :  describing the world of play  the kind of play  the physical world of the play  the central theme  characters define  plot  sources  style  the outstanding features

DRAMATIC STRUCTURE Structure refers to the total organization of a literary work Classical tragic structure consists of: climax/turning point rising action falling action catastrophe

RISING ACTION It is entire the first part of the play in which the forces creating conflict. It usually carries the hero through at series of events which enlarge and intensify his conflict The rising action usually consists of incident in pairs, move and countermove. The countermove produce the next move.

CLIMAX / TURNING POINT This the end of rising action for it is a major point in the play The other term for climax is turning point. Sometimes it is preceded by crisis, which make the direction of the turn final.

FALLING ACTION It follows climax and usually present the ways which the hero is slowly overpowered and becomes increasingly helpless

CATASTROPHE It is the main action of the play and it is often a death, usually the death of the hero (male) or heroine (female), or both

PLOT (Scheme of Plot) Climax/Turning Point Rising Action Inciting Force Exposition/ Resolution/ Preliminary Situation Catastrophe

CHARACTERS The main character in a plot is called protagonist and the opponent is called antagonist Active and Passive Character Active : they perform act, they have large parts in the play, they are dynamic Passive : they acted upon by the events of play, it is usually static or unchanging

Method of Character Presentation DISCURSIVE METHOD The way how the play describe the character by the author’s words DRAMATIC METHOD The way how the play describe the personality of the character from dialogues CONTEXTUAL METHOD The readers know the personality of the character from another character. It’s sometimes subjectively