Georgia Studies Mid-year Review 10,000 BCE – 1877 CE Early Natives to the end of Reconstruction

Geography of Georgia Largest region in LAND SIZE Largest in POPULATION Coastal Plain Largest in POPULATION Piedmont Region with most RAINFALL annually? Blue Ridge Region with most AGRICULTURE? Region with ROLLING HILLS? Region with TEXTILES & CARPTE INDUSTRY? Ridge & Valley River used for drinking water for ½ of the state? Chattahoochee River used for shipping and receiving goods? Savannah

P. A. W. M. Paleo (10,000 – 8,000 BCE) Archaic (8,000 BCE – 1,000 BCE) Food – Large Game Animals (Mastodons, Sloths, Mammoths) Shelter – Nomads who carried tents to follow the food Weapons/Tools – Atlatl, spears, scrapers Archaic (8,000 BCE – 1,000 BCE) Food – Smaller game animals (Deer, Bear, Turkey, Squirrels, Rabbits) Shelter – Moved seasonally Weapons/Tools – Same as Paleo, added knives, grooved axe Woodland (1,000 BCE – 1,000 CE) Food – Some hunting, fishing, and a little agriculture Shelter – Small villages with Dome-Shaped Mounds (used for burial & religious ceremonies) Weapons/Tools – Bow & Arrow Mississippian (1,000 CE – 1,500 CE) Food – Mostly relied on agriculture, along with hunting and fishing Shelter – Large villages with flat-top Mounds (used for burial & religious ceremonies) Weapons/Tools – Bow & Arrow, gardening tools

European Exploration & Colonization Which 3 European countries explored and settled in Georgia? Spain, England and France What factors motivated people from Europe to explore America? 3G’s (Spain), land, resources, religious freedom, competition What were some things that the Europeans brought to America? Animals (Horses, sheep, cows, oxen, chickens), vegetables, and fruits, and guns, gunpowder, steel swords, steel body armor What “secret” weapon did Europeans bring with them and how did that impact the Mississippian Indians? They brought diseases which killed up to 90% of the Native American population, smallpox in particular impacted the Native peoples.

Colony of Georgia Est. 1732 Founder of the GA Colony & 3 Reasons for establishment? James Oglethorpe Defense, Economics, Charity Who granted the Charter of 1732? King George, II of England, for whom the colony was named What city was the first capital of Georgia? Savannah What things were not allowed in the colony? Slavery, buying/selling land, production/sales of liquor, lawyers, Catholics What was the name given to the people who were unhappy with the colonies’ rules? Malcontents

Colony of Georgia Est. 1732 Who were the Trustees? They were the 21 men, including Oglethorpe, who were to control the GA colony for 21 years. Name some of the Groups who settled in the Colony. English, Highland Scots, Salzburgers, Jews Why did the Trustee Period end? The malcontent people of Georgia demanded to have the restrictive rules of the colony lifted so that they could make money. Name Georgia’s 3 Royal Governors John Reynolds (JR came first, but he was the worst) Henry Ellis (HE came second, but he was always sweatin’) James Wright (Then came James Wright, who finally got it right!)

The American Revolution What war between England and France caused the British to go into debt? The French & Indian War How did the British propose to make money back after the war? They were going to tax the American Colonists Explain the following: Proclamation of 1763 – Forbid Colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains Stamp Act – Tax on paper goods: newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, dice Sugar Act – Tax on Sugar and Molasses Townshend Act – Tax on paper, paint, lead, tea, and glass How did the Colonists respond to the Tea Act of 1773? Boston Tea Party How did the British respond to this protest? Intolerable Acts Boston Port Bill Massachusetts Government Act Administration of Justice Act Quartering Ace

The American Revolution Where did the first battle of the American Revolution take place? Lexington & Concord, Massachusetts The shot heard ‘round the world Who was the Commander of the Continental Army? General George Washington Who won the American Revolution? The UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!!!!

Georgia and the American Revolution What battle in GA resulted in a victory for the GA militia? Battle of Kettle Creek What battle in GA resulted in a loss of the capital city? Siege of Savannah Who are the following people? Colonel Elijah Clarke – Leader of the GA Militia Austin Dabney – Slave/war hero who fought at Kettle Creek & saved Clarke’s life Nancy Hart – She allegedly killed several Redcoats who had murdered her neighbors, a spy, and fighter in the Battle of Kettle Creek What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence, and who were Georgia’s signers? Declaration was to separate from England and become an independent nation Signers: Lyman Hall, George Walton, Button Gwinnett

GA Constitution of 1777, Articles of Confederation, US Constitution Why did the leaders of the colony give so much power to the Legislature under the GA Constitution of 1777? They did not want to have 1 person with all of the control in the state Why did the writers of the Articles of Confederation make the government so weak? They were afraid of a ruler with too much power (Like the King had) How many branches of government were created by the US Constitution and what are they? Three: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Who were Georgia’s signers of the US Constitution? Abraham Baldwin & William Few

UGA is what type of university upon its creation? Land-Grant University Why did the capital move from Augusta to Louisville? To be closer to the people Which 2 religious groups flourished in GA after the Revolution? Baptist & Methodists Headright System The HEAD of the family had the RIGHT to own land, up to 1000 acres Land Lotteries Replaced the Headright system after the Yazoo Land Fraud. White men, 21 and over could pay to enter their names into drawings for land lots Yazoo Land Fraud Several land companies bribed GA legislators to sell them land for cheap prices and the land companies would pay legislators from the profits they made Cotton Gin & impact on slavery/population Machine invented by Eli Whitney, removed seeds from cotton fibers Caused Slavery to increase a lot and the population as well Rail lines were important because They transported cotton to markets where it could be sold Creek Treaties causing removal Treaty of New York & Treaty of Indian Springs Cherokee Treaty Treaty of New Echota Growth of GA 1789 - 1840

The Civil War (1861 – 1865) What were some of the causes of the Civil War? Nullification, States’ Rights, Tariffs, Slavery, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas- Nebraska Act, Dred Scott case, election of 1860 Battles Chickamauga – 1st battle in GA, win for Confederacy, failed to chase the Union far enough away and they were able to link up with Gen. Sherman Bloodiest day – Battle of Antietam (Maryland) Bloodiest Battle/Turning Point – Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) Sherman’s March – a plan to destroy the confederacy and end the war. Atlanta was a target because it was the 2nd most important city in the Confederacy Reconstruction – what was it? The rebuilding of the southern states after the Civil War Explain the Amendments 13th: Abolished Slavery 14th: Granted Citizenship Rights to former slaves 15th: Protected voting rights for men regardless of race