2.1 Molecules.

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Presentation transcript:

2.1 Molecules

How much do you remember? What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? What is a covalent bond? What is the difference between an element and compound?

What does ‘organic’ mean? In Biology, organic means containing the element carbon Exception: carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon is able to form 4 covalent bonds which allows it to form stable compounds.

Carbon containing compounds: building blocks of life Lipids Carbohydrates Based on looking at these, what are the major elements that make up living things? Protein Nucleic acids

The most frequently occurring elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Functional groups you need to know Name of Group Full Structure Simplified Notation Hydroxyl − O − H −OH Amine − NH2 Carboxyl −COOH Methyl −CH3

Draw the following molecules *see following slides Ribose Glucose Saturated fatty acids Amino acids Glycerol

Ribose The formula is C5H10O5 The molecule is a five-membered ring w/ a side chain Four carbon atoms are in the ring and one forms the side chain The carbon atoms can be numbered starting with number 1 on the right The hydroxyl groups –OH) on carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 point up, down and down respectively.

Glucose The formula is C6H12O6 The molecule is a six-membered ring w/ a side chain Five carbon atoms are in the ring and one forms the side chain The carbon atoms can be numbered starting with number 1 on the right The hydroxyl groups –OH) on carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, and 4 point down, down, up and down respectively.

Saturated fatty acids The carbon atoms form an unbranched chain. In saturated fatty acids carbons are bonded to each other by single bonds The number of carbon atoms is most commonly between 14-20 At one end of the chain the carbon atom is part of a carboxyl group. At the other end the carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms All other carbon atoms are bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

Amino Acid A carbon atom in the center of the molecule is bonded to four different things An amine group The carboxyl group which makes the molecule an acid A hydrogen atom The R group, which is the variable part of amino acids

Glycerol Three carbon atoms connected with single bonds One hydroxyl group connected to each carbon

Quiz yourself on the following slide

Answers (a) is glucose (b) is an amino acid (c) is glycerol (d) is ribose

Quiz yourself on the following slide

Answers (d) is an amino acid

Quiz yourself on the following slide

Answers II I IV The two molecules that are the most similar are II and III. The are both carbohydrates. They are both formed with a ring structure. They both contain multiple hydroxyl groups.

Identify the following as: carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids

Identify the following as: carbohydrates, lipids, or amino acids

Nature of Science What is the theory of vitalism? Why did the successful synthesis of urea in the laboratory disprove the theory of vitalism? http://alignlife.com/userfiles/vatuvian%20man.jpg