Macromolecules A Little More on Carbon, Carbohydrates & Lipids

Organic and Inorganic compounds Organic compounds- consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and sometimes Oxygen Inorganic compounds- do not contain Carbon (exception CO2 )

Carbon atoms can form long straight chains: The uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond to itself.  Carbon atoms can form long straight chains:                                                                                                                                   http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

Or as branched chains: Or as rings:                                                                                                                                   Or as rings:                                                                              http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

http://www. tutorvista http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/carbon-compounds/saturated-unsaturated.php

bonds. As you increase the number of bonds between                                                          A carbon-carbon single bond                                                       A carbon-carbon double bond                                                                   A carbon-carbon triple bond Neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds   Each carbon atom forms 4 bonds.  As you increase the number of bonds between carbon atoms, the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/10-organic.htm

What are carbohydrates? Sugars and starches Used for: Energy storage Structural materials Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)x 3 types Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Question 1 Give 2 examples of carbohydrates 1. 2.

Monosaccharides Simple sugars – one _________? Function – major source of quick energy Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose

Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose Formula: C6H12O6 Sources: Milk Formula: C6H12O6 Sources: Fruits main source of energy Formula: C6H12O6 Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood

Question 3 What about their names??? Question 2 What do you notice about the chemical formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose? All C6H12O6 – they are isomers Question 3 What about their names??? They all end in ose

Isomer Let’s make a definition for isomer…… Ideas?

2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond How does this happen? Dehydration synthesis (aka) Condensation reaction – water molecule released when bond is formed between two monomers Example? Animation

How are sugars broken down? Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite of dehydration reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers

1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O Examples: 1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O 2. Sucrose (table sugar) glucose + fructose  sucrose +H2O 3. Lactose (sugar in milk) glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O

Glycogen stores in liver cells Polysaccharides Polymer – large chains of monosaccharides Examples: 1. Starch – storage polymer in plants 2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals 3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants 4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi Glycogen stores in liver cells

Exit Carbohydrates 3 things you learned about carbohydrates 2. 1 thing that is confusing to you

LIPIDS! Used for energy storage, protective structures Non-polar (NOT water soluble) Higher ratio of C to H than carbs

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The common categories of lipids are: Fats (triglycerides) - saturated or unsaturated Oils- liquid fat Waxes- protective/waterproof covering Steroids- Example: cholesterol and hormones Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 23

Common Lipids Fats – triglycerides and phospholipids Oils, butter Steroids (sterols)- Steroids have a four carbon ring structure and a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. Waxes- one long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol group ear wax Leaf protective from water loss

Structure - Fatty Acids Hydrophilic, “water-loving” head Hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tail C-H bonds nonpolar What makes the C-H bonds nonpolar?

Triglycerides (most fat we consume is from triglycerides) 3 fatty acids Used as energy storage. When you lose weight you want to lose triglycerides. 1 glycerol

Question 1. What type of bonds are formed when Carbon is bonded to Hydrogen in the fatty acid chains? (Left side) 2. What type of bonds are formed when Carbon is attached to Carbon in the fatty acid chain? (right side) 3. Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains, why?

Carbons NOT bonded to 4 atoms ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms 2 Types of fatty acids Unsaturated Carbons NOT bonded to 4 atoms Saturated ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms Single bonds Double bonds Straight chain Kinks

Saturated – solid at room temperature Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat Unsaturated – soft or liquid at room temperature Examples: fish fats, corn oil

Question Is this a saturated or unsaturated fat? Why?

Structural fat used to build cell membranes Phospholipids Structural fat used to build cell membranes

EXIT QUESTION What is the major difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? 2. Many people say fats are not good for you, so why not give them up? Explain.

Please answer the following (write on separate sheet of paper) 1. What are the elements in carbohydrates and lipids? 2.What 3 types of carbohydrates are there? 3. Give an example of a polysaccharide and what is it used for? 4. What are two types of lipids?