Neural Correlates of Impaired Cognitive Control over Working Memory in Schizophrenia Teal S. Eich, Derek Evan Nee, Catherine Insel, Chara Malapani, Edward.

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Neural Correlates of Impaired Cognitive Control over Working Memory in Schizophrenia Teal S. Eich, Derek Evan Nee, Catherine Insel, Chara Malapani, Edward E. Smith Biological Psychiatry Volume 76, Issue 2, Pages 146-153 (July 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.032 Copyright © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Error rate difference-scores (Lure–Control) for healthy controls (HC) and patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Error bars represent SEM. Biological Psychiatry 2014 76, 146-153DOI: (10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.032) Copyright © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Maintenance and inhibition-related activations. Left: contrast of PreCue–PostCue maintenance activations collapsing across groups. Right: parameter estimates extracted from the left posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pos-VLPFC) averaged across a 5-mm sphere centered around –50 8 22. In this region, healthy controls (HC) and patients with schizophrenia (SZ) demonstrated equivalent PreCue activation. Whereas HCs demonstrated reduced activation PostCue, patients with SZ did not. These results indicate inhibition-related reductions in pos-VLPFC activation in HCs but not patients with SZ. *p < .05. WM, working memory. Biological Psychiatry 2014 76, 146-153DOI: (10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.032) Copyright © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Interference-control-related activations. Left: contrast of Lure–Control probe activations collapsing across groups. Right: parameter estimates extracted from the left mid ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-VLPFC) averaged across a 5-mm sphere centered around –40 32 22. In this region, healthy controls (HC) and patients with schizophrenia (SZ) demonstrated equivalent activation to Control probes. However, activation was significantly elevated for Lure probes in patients with SZ but not HCs. These results indicate increased demands on interference control to Lure probes in patients with SZ. **p < .005. Biological Psychiatry 2014 76, 146-153DOI: (10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.032) Copyright © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Correlations and mediation analysis. Top: correlations between measures of interest. Behavioral performance reflects the behavioral difference in error rate (ER) between Lure and Control probes. Inhibition reflects the neural difference in activation in the posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pos-VLPFC) between PreCue and PostCue. Interference control reflects the neural difference in activation in the mid-VLPFC between Lure and Control probes. Bottom: mediation analysis results depicting the mediating effect of inhibition on the relationship between neural measures of interference control and behavioral performance. After controlling for the mediating effect of inhibition, the relationship between interference control and behavior was no longer significant. HC, healthy controls; SZ, patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2014 76, 146-153DOI: (10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.032) Copyright © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry Terms and Conditions