The Structures of the Major Food Nutrients Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats

Unit 3 2007

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Unit 3 2005 organic

Unit 3 2003 organic chem

Unit 3 2004

Put this heading in a word document Carbohydrates Put this heading in a word document

Carbohydrates What is a Carbohydrate? Draw and label the two structures of carbohydrates in your data booklet, note the formula of these two monosaccharides and discuss the major differences in the structural formulae Which is the most abundant? Are they structural isomers? Why or why not? Are they water soluble? Why or why not?

Carbohydrates All carbohydrates are made of this simple sugar building block:

Monosaccharides Simple sugars, or MONOSACCHARIDES are made of one of these single rings of six carbon atoms eg. GLUCOSE TASK: In a word document, under the heading ‘Monosaccharides’, draw a single ring to demonstrate glucose

Disaccharides DISACCHARIDES are sugars made of a double ring of simple sugars e.g SUCROSE TASK: In your word document, under the heading ‘Disaccharides’, find and draw the reaction between the two monosaccharides to demonstrate the formation of sucrose and maltose label the bond type and the reaction type. What type of functional groups are involved in the bond.

Complex Carbohydrates COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES are made up of many simple sugars chained together. There are three main types Starch Glycogen Cellulose (fibre) Polysaccharides are polysaccharides soluble?

Starch This complex carbohydrate is demonstrated by many simple sugars chained together in a single chain TASK: In your word document under the heading ‘Starch’, draw a series of rings to demonstrate this molecule. Indicate the bond type that forms, what type of reaction is this? Hint: 2 names for this reaction.

Glycogen This complex carbohydrate is demonstrated by many simple sugars chained together in a branched arrangement TASK: In your word document under the heading ‘Glycogen’, draw a series of rings to demonstrate this molecule.

Cellulose This complex carbohydrate is demonstrated by many simple sugars that are arranged together in multiple single chains which are stacked on top of each other. Crosslinks between the chains hold the molecule together TASK: In your word document under the heading ‘Cellulose’, draw a series of rings to demonstrate this molecule.

Break it down…. Describe the breakdown process of starch and glycogen in the human body, what is the reaction called? Look carefully at the structure of cellulose compared to glycogen and starch, describe the difference in the structures, what type of additional intermolecular bond does cellulose contain, where is cellulose found?

Now go back through your document and under each diagram, describe the arrangement of each of the different carbohydrates if you have not already done so. HINT: Use the notes within this PowerPoint to help you!

Unit 4 2005

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Unit 4 2002

Exam time Unit 3 2002

Unit 4 2004

DATA BOOKLET

Proteins Put this heading in your word document

Proteins PROTEINS are the most important substance in living things. They are very large molecules and are found in all cells. They have a great variety of functions

The basic building blocks of proteins are large molecules called AMINO ACIDS There are only 20 different amino acids These 20 different building blocks can build billions of different proteins

Most proteins are made up of thousands of amino acids connected together ALL PROTEINS ARE COILED IN A COMPLEX MANNER

Your Task: In your word document, under the heading ‘amino acids’ create 20 different shapes to represent the 20 different amino acids NOTE: You may like to fill the shapes with different patterns to represent different amino acids

Now, under the heading ‘My Protein’, copy and paste your amino acids a few times. Use the shapes to create your own protein. Delete any amino acids you don’t use. Remember: You can use any sequence of amino acids and any number of the same shape. This is how only 20 amino acids are required to produce so many different proteins! Don’t forget, proteins are coiled in a complex manner, be sure to show this in your diagram.

Copy the notes on ‘proteins’ and paste them in your word document under the heading ‘protein’.

Unit 4 2002

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Unit 4 2006

Put this heading in your word document Fats & Oils Put this heading in your word document

There are many different kinds of fats but each is a variation of the same chemical structure All fats consist of fatty acids, bonded to a glycerol

Triglyceride A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids and one glycerol Three fatty acid chains Glycerol

Using your text book answer the following questions and type the answer, in full sentences in your word document, under the ‘Fats and Oils’ section. Page 178.

Your Task: Under the heading ‘Fats and Oils’ What is a “lipid” Your Task: Under the heading ‘Fats and Oils’ What is a “lipid”? Are they polar or non polar? What does that mean? At room temperature a fat is a ______ and an oil is a _______ What do esters have to do with fats? What type of reaction produces a fat? What are the reactants? What are the products? How many molecules of water are produced for every one molecule of a fat? Under the heading ‘triglyceride’,draw the diagram of the triglyceride and make sure you label it. What is a triglyceride? What is a fatty acid?

Types of fats Describe the differences between saturated, mono saturated, and poly unsaturated fats. There is a way to determine the differences between these types of fats looking at the structural formulas in your data booklet and using your text book try and determine what this way is.

Describe the differences in bonding between saturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats, how do these differences arise and how do these effect physical properties? What happens to fats in the body? What is this reaction called? What is broken in this process? Draw a diagram.

Unit 4 2003

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Unit 4 2007