New Nation Domain 1 Part III

Land ordinance, 1785 Law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory and set up standards for land sale that became precedents. Among them was the idea of selling mile-square sections of land. Northwest Territories needed to be organized (for new states!) Divided towns into 36 sections each 640 acres for $1/acre Land speculators (old school real estate agents) bought land and resold to people moving west Helped pay national debt! From what?

The Northwest Ordinances, 1787 Government encouraged westward expansion Slavery was banned in these territories Public schools were mandated 5 A

Northwest Ordinances Organize Northwest Territories

Articles of Confederation Written during the American Revolution to create a “not-so-strong” central government No executive branch (president or king) No power to create or collect taxes No power to regulate commerce No power to establish one American currency The 13 original states had more power than the national government 5 A

President Taxation Control over states $

Daniel Shays’s Rebellion In 1786-1787, more than a thousand angry, debt-ridden, Massachusetts farmers tried to take control of a federal arsenal The weak government could not control them The weak government could not fix the economy George Washington and stronger government needed! 5 A

Federalists & Anti-Federalists Two groups for and against the new federal government Major arguments of each Strong central Gov’t Weak Central Gov’t Govt. led by educated elite Govt. led by virtuous farmers Fear of “mob rule” Fear of another monarchy Industrial economy Agricultural economy Trade with Britain Trade with France Checks & Balances are safe Strong factions will take over 5 B

Whose who…Decide who is a federalist and who is an anti-federalist…

Checking for understanding Which of the following is not a weakness of the Articles of Confederation? no power to collect taxes no strong executive to enforce the laws no plan to organize westward expansion no ability to regulate business between the states In what century were the Northwest Ordinances (1787) passed? 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century The Northwest Ordinances proved that Americans were afraid of moving into Ohio because of Indians. Americans were excited about moving across the Appalachian Mountains. slavery was going to be expanded everywhere the United States were going to be expanded. education was not valued by early Americans.

Checking for understanding Daniel Shays believed that the US needed a stronger form of government. created most of the American debt in the 1780s. led a rebellion of farmers unhappy with the nation’s early economics. wanted the US to do more business with Britain and France. Someone that favored a government stronger than the Articles of Confederation would be a Federalist Anti-Federalist. Someone who was afraid of “mob rule” by the masses of people and supported an industrial economy would be a Federalist. Someone that favored a limited government led by America’s farmers would be a Someone who feared that the American president might become as powerful as the king of England would be a

Constitution and Challenges! Why did most politicians disregard the idea of amending the Articles of Confederation? (RED) What type of government did the politicians want to create at the convention? (BLUE) What was the “Great Compromise”? (GREEN) What two plans did it include? Virginia “Big States” (PURPLE) New Jersey “Small States” (ORANGE) What was the issue of slavery in the constitution? (LIGHT BLUE)

Most delegates quickly discarded the idea of amending the Articles of Confederation, realizing its inadequacy, and focused on forming a new system of government. A government with three branches - executive, legislative and judicial - was agreed upon, but the method of electing representatives became a controversy. Edmund Randolph proposed the "Virginia", or "Large State", plan, calling for a BICAMERAL legislature with the number of representatives elected proportional to the size of the state’s population. William Patterson presented the "New Jersey", or "Small State", plan, which gave all states equal representation regardless of population or wealth. The large states would have greater power than the small states under the Virginia plan, but the small states sought to maintain the equality they enjoyed under the Articles with the New Jersey Plan. Like most decisions made at the convention, this situation was resolved in a compromise. The "Great Compromise", in which it was decided that the upper house of the legislature (the Senate) would have equal representation among the states, as favored by New Jersey, and the lower house (the House of Representatives) would be elected by population, favoring the large states, was passed on July 16th. The inclusion of slaves was determined in another compromise. A slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person in relation to population and taxation. Ironically, the fundamental question of how slavery could legally exist in a free country founded upon the belief that "all men are created equal" was never addressed.

Describe the compromises that went into drafting the US Constitution.

Separation of Powers How do we make sure this new federal government isn’t too strong? Limited Government/Dividing Power Judicial Branch: interprets laws Executive Branch: enforces laws Legislative Branch: writes laws Checks and Balances 5 C

The Great Compromise How can different sized states have equal representation in this new government? Virginia Plan Big States Representation based on population (House of Representatives) New Jersey Plan Small States Representation equal (Senate) Solution: Two house (bi-cameral) Congress 5 C

The Three-Fifths Compromise What do we want to say about slavery in this Constitution? Do the slaves count as population? Southern States Wanted slaves to count towards representation Northern States Slaves wouldn’t count towards representation Solution: 3 out of 5 slaves count for 1 person in representation. 5 C

Ratification 5 B This new Constitution now needs to be approved Federalist: James Madison & Alexander Hamilton wanted ratification. Wrote Federalist Papers. Anti-Federalists: Scared new government would take away freedoms/rights 5 B

Ratification

Ratification

The Bill of Rights The promise the Bill of Rights as the protector of these state and individual rights got the Constitution ratified by the voters 5 D

Describe a President Think of characteristics of a good president. Make a list of words that you would think describe a great president.

Identify the main factors of George Washington’s presidency Identify the main factors of George Washington’s presidency. Opener: Who was George Washington? What do you know about him? 5 E

George Washington’s Presidency Washington was elected the 1st president of the US under the Constitution. Washington favored non-intervention in Europe, (isolationism, neutrality) Also got Britain to forgive debts and open trade with US Washington created a cabinet of advisors 5 E

First American Political Parties George Washington was very afraid of political divisions weakening the new nation, but beneath him two rival factions were growing His Secretary of Treasury ($) was Alexander Hamilton THE (HAMILTONIAN) FEDERALISTS His Secretary of State (diplomacy) was Thomas Jefferson, Anti-Federalist THE (JEFFERSONIAN) REPUBLICANS Washington’s Farewell Address will warn of the dangers of political parties 5 E

Hamilton Jefferson Supporters: John Adams New England & Middle States Bankers & Lawyers Wealthy Landowners Merchants & Manufacturers British Supporters: James Madison Southern States Rural Farmers Trades People Recent Immigrants French

The Whiskey Rebellion, 1794 Congress to passed taxes on liquor to help pay off war debts Hurt small western Whiskey Makers. Attacked tax collectors Washington sent a large militia force FAILED 5 E

The Presidency of John Adams John Adams (Washington’s VP) won over Jefferson Struggled with conflicts with Britain & France Struggled with economic downturn Struggled criticisms from fans of Jefferson States’ Rights? 5 E

Alien & Sedition Acts Adams tried to limit criticism with the Alien & Sedition Acts Four laws of Congress that restricted the rights of groups of people: The Naturalization Act increased the number of years a non- American had to be living in America before he or she could become an American citizen. The Alien Act allowed the President to force non-Americans he thought dangerous to leave the country. The Alien Deportation Act allowed for the arrest and deportation of any non-American during wartime. The Sedition Act made it a crime to do "any false, scandalous and malicious writing." This resulted in the jailing of 25 newspaper editors, most of them Democratic-Republicans. States like Virginia & Kentucky protested for their freedoms and Adams’ presidency was ruined

Explain the strengths & weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Write your own laws and rules for a new country. You must at least include who would rule your country? Who could vote? 10-15 laws. Who would be in charge of the military and money. And anything else you can think of.