Matter is anything that has Properties of Matter What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

Classification of Matter Matter can be divided into 2 categories: SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES Substances can NOT be separated into different kinds of matter by physical means. Mixtures can be separated into different kinds of matter by physical means.

Classification of Matter What are substances? In science, substances are limited to elements and compounds. Elements Any substance in which all the atoms in a sample are alike, one kind of matter Examples: Carbon, Sodium and Oxygen Compounds 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio Usually has different appearance from elements that make it up Examples: Water – H2O and Salt - NaCl

Classification of Matter Atom-smallest possible particle of an element Molecule- smallest possible particle of a compound

Classification of Matter What are mixtures? 2 or more substances that can be separated by physical means Do not always contain the same amounts of the different substances that make them up Homogeneous same throughout, particles so tiny that cannot be seen, don’t settle out or scatter light Examples: milk, salt water and cola Heterogeneous a mixture in which different materials can be easily distinguished Suspension-visible particles settle-muddy water Examples: Sand/water, Italian salad dressing, pizza and dry soups

Classification of Matter

Measuring Matter Volume of a liquid Volume of solid Graduated cylinder- read from bottom of meniscus Volume of solid Length X Width X Height Volume of Irregular Shaped Objects Water Displacement Indirect Measuring Large objects-take a core sample and use a formula Small objects-weigh 100 and then divide weight by 100 to get one small objects weight

Phases & Properties of Matter What is the matter?

Phases of Matter Solids - definite shape and volume Atoms are held close together by strong bonds Movement is slow Crystalline Solids (crystals) - atoms are arranged in regular fashion Ex. - ice, salt, diamonds Amorphous Solids - atoms LACK a regular arrangement Ex. - rock, glass, wax

Phases of Matter - Continued Liquids - definite volume, but NO definite shape Bonds are weaker and atoms are spaced farther apart They take the shape of container they are in

Phases of Matter - Continued Gases - NO definite volume OR shape Bonds are weakest and atoms far apart Expand to fill the container they are in Examples - air, oxygen, smoke

Phases of Matter - Continued Plasma Gas like mixture of + and – charged particles Movement very rapid 99% of mass of our solar system Examples: Sun, Stars and Lightning

Physical Properties of Matter Viscosity – Measure of the material’s resistance to flow High-viscosity liquids take longer to flow Example: Ketchup when comparing to water Low-viscosity liquids flow easier Example: Tomato Juice flows easier than ketchup Temperature raising-viscosity decreases except in gases. ·         

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Elasticity – Measure of ability to be stretched and then return to its original size. Example:Rubber Bands, Elastic, and Playground Balls Question: Which ball would you rather play basketball?

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Malleability – Ability to be hammered into sheets Example: Gold &Silver Coins, Aluminum Foil and Soda Cans

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Brittleness – measures a material’s tendency to shatter upon impact Example: Sulfur, Calcium and Glass Hardness – Resistance to breaking or scratching Example: diamonds

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Luster – shininess Example: Gold, Silver, Mercury Ductility – ability to be pulled into wires Example: Most metals (Copper, Silver)

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Tensile Strength- Measure of how much pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking Property of fibers, ropes, cables, girders DuPont Kevlar-5 times tensile strength of steel

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Density – The amount of mass in a given volume How tightly packed the atoms or molecules are in a substance Formula to calculate density is: Density = Mass Volume Units are expressed as: g/mL or g/L for liquids (remember the graduated cylinder) g/cm3 for solids

Density of a Fluid Fluid- Any matter that is able to flow Liquids and gases Density of a liquid might be different from the density of the same solid Most materials are denser in solid phase than their liquid phase Exception- Water-freezes with air spaces so it is less dense and floats. Density of water is 1 g/cm3

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont. Buoyancy – Upward force a fluid exerts on an object Determines whether the object will sink or float Example: Buoyancy of water keeping you afloat while swimming

Buoyancy Buoyancy force is LESS then object’s weight, object will SINK Buoyancy force is equal to the object’s weight, object will FLOAT Buoyancy force is MORE then object’s weight, object will FLOAT IN AIR

Archimedes's Principle Greek mathematician, 3rd century BC Principle states-The buoyancy force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object Buoyancy of Gasses Balloon floats because it displaces a very large volume of air Volume of air displaced weighs more than the balloon

Charles’ Law Jacques Charles, French scientist (1742-1823) Law states-volume of a gas increases when temperature increases and reverse, volume of gas decreases when temperature decreases. Pascal-unit for pressure (Pa) (kPa) V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 Temperature must be in Kelvin degrees

Boyle’s Law Robert Boyle-British scientist (1627-1691) Law states-as pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases proportionately and reverse pressure of gas decreases, its volume increases proportionately. P1 V1 = P2 V2