Happy Friday 9/15/2017 BE MEMORIZING YOUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Quiz Tuesday on FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Extra Credit is also due on TUESDAY If you still want to know about Carbon more- google and watch Crash Course Biology: Why Carbon is a TRAMP!

If you are still not understanding the “chemistry” Thursday, September 14th Grade and Correct Basic Periodic Table Questions- on your own notebook paper Happy? Turn it in; Unhappy? do redo tomorrow Begin: Chemistry of Carbon PPT/Functional Groups If you are still not understanding the “chemistry” I recommend “The Chemical Context of Life” PPT on my website- there is also a student handout to go along with it

Happy Friday 9/9/2015 1. Water Quiz (timed) 2. Answer Water ?s about pH, pOH, etc.-WS due Monday 2. Lecture: Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life HOMEWORK: MEMORIZE YOUR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Quiz Monday on FUNCTIONAL GROUPS If you still want to know about Carbon more- google and watch Crash Course Biology: Why Carbon is a TRAMP! And also watch more about the Periodic Table

Happy Monday 9/12/2015 1. Functional Groups Quiz (3 minutes-timed) 2. Turn in your Water WS due TODAY! 3. Lecture: Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life (take out this packet from Friday) HOMEWORK: Unit 1 Reading Guide is DUE FRIDAY! (Double Daily) If you still want to know about Carbon more- google and watch Crash Course Biology: Why Carbon is a TRAMP!

Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/

Organic chemistry is the study of CARBON and Hydrogen compounds Can form FOUR stable covalent bonds at same time (=tetravalence) Common partners = O, H, N

4 covalent CARBON BONDS form a shape called a TETRAHEDRON Tetrahedron modified from: http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mole1440.htm

Images from: http://www. school-for-champions TETRAVALENCE makes large complex molecules with a variety of shapes possible http://nrr.georgetown.edu/NRR/struc,actv.html

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

Hydrocarbons Only carbon & hydrogen Covalent bonding; nonpolar (Ex: petroleum; lipid ‘tails’) Covalent bonding; nonpolar High energy storage http://www.world-petroleum.org/education/petref/index.html

Carbon compounds Skeleton may have single or double bonds http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/Hughes/tutorial/cellmembranes/

AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

ISOMERS- compounds that have the same number of atoms but different structures

STRUCTURAL isomers differing covalent bonding arrangement C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html http://217.60.75.10/llt/biokemi/images/galactose.jpg

GEOMETRIC isomers - differ in arrangement around a DOUBLE BOND trans- form cis- form http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

Be Careful! Single bonds can rotate! . . . it’s still the same stuff http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/geometric.html

ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon ENANTIOMER isomers - differ in arrangement around a ASYMMETRIC carbon . . . Mirror images AP Biology by Campbell and Reese; ©Benjamin Cummings 2005

Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group Ex: alcohols polar (oxygen); soluble in water Names typically end in -ol Ex: Ethanol

Functional Groups Carbonyl Group KETONE: within carbon skeleton ALDEHYDE: at end of carbon skeleton

GLUCOSE is an ALDEHYDE FRUCTOSE is a KETONE http://61039206.sinagirl.com/carbohydate.JPG http://web1.caryacademy.org/chemistry/rushin/StudentProjects/CompoundWebSites/1999/Sucrose/sucrose_structure.gif

Functional Groups Carboxyl Group Ex: carboxylic acids; polar

Functional Groups Amino Group Called: amines http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-05/common.htm Amino Group Called: amines Ex: amino acids (have both amino & carboxyl groups)

Functional Groups | R -C -COO- +NH3 Amino Group Can act as a base and pick up a H+ ion Carboxyl Group can act as an acid and give up a H+ ion H | R -C -COO- +NH3  

Functional Groups Sulfhydral Group Called: thiols http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

DISULFIDE BRIDGES Disulfide bridges stabilize protein structure LYSOZYME http://www.britannica.com/ebc/art-3207/Conformation-of-lysozyme

Functional Groups Phosphate Group phosphate ion Makes molecule negatively charged Can store & transfer energy ~ ATP

Functional Groups METHYL Group Makes molecule more NON-POLAR METHYLATION: Adding methyl groups to DNA “turns off” genes http://students.cis.uab.edu/rmeghana/methylation.html

Happy Monday 9/6/2015 1. Bell Work: Discuss with your group and list why carbon is a tramp! 2. Lecture: Isomers, Functional Groups 3. HOME WORK: Functional Groups worksheet & STUDY for a quiz on functional groups…..must recognize structure and function! Quiz Redo: Basic chemistry (today and tomorrow)