Monday Due: GR - Lipids and Proteins Warmup – Copy HW, Study for Quiz HW 1: Water W/sheet 2.2 HW 2: Biomolecules W/sheet 2.1 Quiz Tuesday week – Biomolecules: Carbs, Lipids & Proteins Weekend HW: Finish Lab Questions due: Tuesday Monday Due: GR - Lipids and Proteins Warmup – Copy HW, Study for Quiz Quiz on Functional Groups & glucose Notes – (Slides 6- 26) Mono, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Copy chart from the video on polysaccharides Making Biomolecule Models Domains of Study Domain of BioMolecules Domain of Cells Domain of Organisms Domain of Populations Domain of Communities 2007-2008

COPY AND MEMORIZE THESE GROUPS FOR A QUIZ NEXT CLASS! NOTE: YOU WILL BE DRAWING THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. YOU WILL ALSO BE DRAWING: α-GLUCOSE and β- GLUCOSE RING STRUCTURES. aka hydroxyl Phosphate CarbonylxxXx

Study: Numbering carbons 6' Note where the carbons are C O 5' C C 4' 1' C C 3' 2'

Study α and β glucose Simplified version – omit writing the carbons

1) Polysaccharides aka carbohydrates 2) Polypeptides aka proteins (Review – don’t copy) 4 BIOMOLECULES: 3 are polymers made of many monomers: 1) Polysaccharides aka carbohydrates 2) Polypeptides aka proteins 3) Polynucleotides aka nucleic acids 4. Lipids are macromolecules (large molecules)(not polymers) Made of: glycerol and fatty acids

How to build a polymer: Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)- H2O is removed when 2 hydroxyls line up This bond is called a Glycosidic bond on 1,4 Cs 2 monosaccharides | α glucose fructose disaccharide H2O sucrose (table sugar) sucrose = table sugar

How to break down a polymer: HYDROLYSIS is the breaking of glycosidic bonds during reactions like digestion. H2O is added. These rxs are very slow. Note: This is the opposite of condensation.

Monosaccharides – simple sugars Dissolve easily Formula: (CH2O)N Provide quick and easy energy Building blocks for larger molecules ex. Glucose is used to make glycogen, cellulose & starch Have many C-H bonds that release energy needed to change ADP  ATP OH H HO CH2OH O α-glucose

Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides bonded Soluble in H2O Common examples: sucrose maltose = glucose + glucose (it’s what makes bread brown) lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar) sucrose (table sugar)  Glucose  Fructose  disaccharide sucrose = table sugar H2O

Let’s watch and learn: Formation of Disaccharides (from 8:22 – 14:00)

Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars joined by glycosidic bonds Function: Glucose dissolves so easily that plants must convert it: 1) for energy storage starch – in plants glycogen - in animals - liver & muscles 2) for structural uses Cellulose -plants cell walls chitin - arthropods exoskeletons & fungi cell walls Polysaccharides are polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

Energy Storage: Starch vs. Glycogen Found in plants only slow release 2 Types of energy storage Branching makes For faster digestion glycogen Found in animals only Can you see the difference between starch & glycogen? Which is easier to digest? Glycogen = many branches = many ends Enzyme can digest at multiple ends. Animals use glycogen for energy storage == want rapid release. Form follows function. APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/MoviesAP/05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf fast release

Starch is made of 2 things: Amylose 1000s of condensed α-glucoses linked together Linked at carbons 1 and 4 Curve and coil up Very compact TOGETHER THESE 2 MOLECULES FORM STARCHES LIKE: Amylopectin Shorter Branched out Also 1, 4 α-glucoses linked together Can you see the difference between starch & glycogen? Which is easier to digest? Glycogen = many branches = many ends Enzyme can digest at multiple ends. Animals use glycogen for energy storage == want rapid release. Form follows function. APBio/TOPICS/Biochemistry/MoviesAP/05_07Polysaccharides_A.swf

Pieces of amylose are broken off by the cell and stuck on as branches forming amylopectin! These 2 molecules are found as starch grains only in plants in their chloroplasts, seeds, roots, etc. KNOW: THAT THESE BRANCHES OCCUR AT C’s 1,6

Testing for Starch Adding iodine solution (KI) to a starch will turn it blue-black. This is because the KI molecules get stuck in the coils of amylose!

GLYCOGEN – energy storage in animals Chains of 1,4 α-glucose linked TO 1,6 carbons. This makes it similar to ________ but with a lot more branches. 2. Clumps in grains visible in liver and muscle cells. ?

CELLULOSE – makes up plant cell walls 1. Very strong! 2. Main difference – it’s a polymer of β – glucose, (not α-) 3. The 2nd β isomer has its OH group below the ring so the next glucose in the chain must be flipped upside down (rotated 180 ) They alternate –right side up, upside down!

(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers Figure 5.7b 1 4 (b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers 1 4 Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures. (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers

Other facts about CELLULOSE: The H bonds are so numerous that collectively cellulose is super strong 60 cellulose molecules form bundles called microfibrils Microfibrils are held together by H bonding and are called fibres Fibres have a high tensile strength similar to steel!

CELL WALLS Are freely permeable Keep the cell from bursting when turgor pressure is high Provides support and structure Have many layers of fibers held together with a glue-like matrix

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function α in starch β in cellulose 2 isomers of glucose structure determines their function

Chitin, another structural polysaccharide, found in the exoskeleton of arthropods Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

Watch and copy the chart at the end: Polysaccharides

How to test for Non-reducing sugars If your sugar doesn't turn brick red in Benedict's Solution Watch from 13:02