Mutations 13.3

Mutations = heritable changes in a gene; lead to evolution Can be : - neutral - harmful – ex. Cancer, sickle cell - helpful – resistance to poisons, HIV Types – Gene and Chromosomal

Gene Mutations Point mutation – change in one nucleotide *3 Types – - Substitution – one base is replaced with another - Insertion – one base is put in - Deletion – one base is removed

Frame-shift mutations = Result from insertion or deletion not in a multiple of 3 Every amino acid after mutation is now different

Chromosomal Mutations Changes in chromosome Deletion – lose piece Duplication – repeat piece Inversion – flips piece around inside Translocation – one piece breaks off and attaches to different chromosome