C H A P T E R O N E

CORRECTIONS: An Overview Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

THE CORRECTIONS EXPLOSION Why have correctional populations steadily increased in the face of declining crime rates? Photo © Corbis, used with permission. McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

THE CORRECTIONS EXPLOSION Get-tough-on-crime laws. The War on Drugs. Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability and public outcry. The growth dynamic of the corrections boom. C A F U A S C A T T O I R V S E

D E F I N T O CORRECTIONAL CLIENTS: Prison inmates, probationers, parolees, offenders assigned to alternative sentencing programs, and those held in jails.

Census reports show almost relentless increases in imprisonment rates over the past 150 years. Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

U. S. RATE of IMPRISONMENT, 1850–2002

THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS The FBI’s annual compilation of Part I (index, or major) and Part II (non-index) crime data, based on offenses reported to police agencies across the United States.

THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS The Crime Index reports major violent and property crimes as Part I offenses. Included are murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.

THE UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS Offenses not included in the Crime Index are called Part II offenses. Part II offenses do not include traffic violations. McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

D E F I N T O FELONY: A serious criminal offense; specifically, an offense punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year.

D E F I N T O MISDEMEANOR: A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less.

D E F I N T O INFRACTION: A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty other than incarceration, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration.

D E F I N T O VIOLENT CRIME: Interpersonal crime that involves the use of force by offenders or results in injury or death to victims.

D E F I N T O PROPERTY CRIME: Burglary, larceny, automobile theft, and arson, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports.

D E F I N T O S CRIME INDEX: An annual statistical tally of major crimes known to law enforcement agencies in the U.S. CRIME RATE: The number of index offenses reported per unit of population.

CRIME INDEX OFFENSE DATA U C R 2 CRIME INDEX OFFENSE DATA There were: 495 violent crimes and 3,624 property crimes reported per 100,000 U.S. inhabitants.

CRIME INDEX OFFENSE DATA U C R 2 CRIME INDEX OFFENSE DATA 11.9 million Part I offenses in the U.S. 4,118.8 offenses per 100,000 inhabitants (lowest since 1984)

CRIME INDEX ARREST DATA U C R 2 13.7 million arrests for all offenses except traffic 4,783 arrests per 100,000 inhabitants Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

CRIME INDEX ARREST DATA U C R 2 CRIME INDEX ARREST DATA 1.5 million arrests for drug abuse 1.3 million simple assault 1.46 million arrests for DUI Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

CRIME INDEX MURDER DATA 2 16,204 total victims 5.6 per 100,000 U.S. inhabitants 76.8% male 88.2% >18 yrs. old 48.7% White 48.5% Black Photo © Corbis, used with permission. McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

CRIME INDEX DATA Of those arrested for murder: 90% were male 2 Of those arrested for murder: 90% were male 90% were >18 yrs. old 49.9% were Black 47.7% were White

D E F I N T O CLEARANCE: An offense is considered cleared, or solved, when at least one person is charged with the offense, or a suspect has been identified and located, but circumstances prevent charges being brought.

D E F I N T O CLEARANCE RATE: The number of offenses cleared divided by the number of offenses known by the police.

The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) A revision of the Uniform Crime Reports that includes many details about each reported crime that are not collected under the UCR.

THE NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS) Collects detailed information on the frequency and nature of victimization by rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, and both simple and aggravated assault.

The NCVS Surveys 49,000 households. Collects criminal victimization information from ±101,000 household members age 12 years and older. Does not measure homicides or commercial crimes (e.g., store robberies). Summarizes reasons given for reporting or not reporting victimization to authorities.

THE CRIME FUNNEL

D E F I N T O CRIMINAL JUSTICE: The process of achieving justice through the application of criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system. Also, the study of the field of criminal justice. McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

D E F I N T O CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: The collective agencies that perform criminal justice operations, administration, and technical support functions. The basic divisions include police, courts, and corrections.

D E F I N T O NOLLE PROSEQUI: A prosecutor’s action to drop criminal charges after the charges have been filed. When the action is taken, a case is said to be nolled or nollied.

D E F I N T O S ADJUDICATION: The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case. ARRAIGNMENT: An appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding.

D E F I N T O NOLO CONTENDERE: A plea of “no contest.” A no-contest plea may be used by a defendant who does not wish to contest conviction. Because the plea does not admit guilt, it cannot provide the basis for later civil suits.

TYPICAL SENTENCING OPTIONS Death Incarceration Probation Fines Restitution Community Service Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

D E F I N T O WRIT OF CERTIORARI: A writ issued by an appellate court to obtain from a lower court the record of its proceedings in a particular case.

D E F I N T O INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS: That aspect of the correctional enterprise that “involves the incarceration and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement of persons suspected of a crime while awaiting trial and adjudication.”

D E F I N T O NONINSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS (COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS): That aspect of the correctional enterprise that includes “pardon, probation, and parole activities, correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions, and miscellaneous [activities] not directly related to institutional care.” McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

D E F I N T O CORRECTIONS: All the various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes.

D E F I N T O S MORES (MORE-AZE): Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations of a group’s values. FOLKWAYS: Time-honored ways of doing things. Although they carry the force of tradition, their violation is unlikely to threaten the social group’s survival.

STANDARDS SUPPLEMENT TRAINING BY: Setting minimum criteria. Detailing expectations. Establishing basic requirements for facilities, programs, and practices.

CORE TRAITS An effective correctional worker must have: A logical mind and the ability to solve problems. • Effective presentational skills. • Strong writing skills. • Accountability.

D E F I N T O PROFESSION: An occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members.

D E F I N T O CORRECTIONS PROFESSIONAL: A dedicated person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart.

D E F I N T O CERTIFICATION: A credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized.

CAREERS IN CORRECTIONS Academic Teacher Field Administrator Psychologist Activity Therapy Administrator Fugitive Apprehension Officer Recreation Coordinator Business Manager Human Services Counselor Social Worker Case Manager Job Placement Officer Statistician Chaplain Mental Health Clinician Substance Abuse Counselor Correctional Officer Parole Caseworker Classification Officer Parole Officer Unit Leader Clinical Social Worker Presentence Investigator Victim Advocate Children’s Services Counselor Probation Officer Vocational Instructor Chemical Dependency Manager Program Officer Warden/Superintendent Dietary Officer Programmer/Analyst Youth Services Coordinator Drug Court Coordinator Program Specialist Youth Supervisor

DIVERSITY IN CORRECTIONS At the forefront of today’s correctional issues are those involving concerns about gender, race, ethnicity, and other forms of diversity. Photo © Corbis, used with permission.

D E F I N T O RACISM: Social practices that explicitly or implicitly attribute merits or allocate value to individuals solely because of their race.

CORRECTIONS PERSONNEL BY GENDER AND RANK (2001)