Chapter 21 Blood

Plasma (55% of whole blood) Fig. 21.1 Plasma (55% of whole blood) Water 92% by weight Proteins 7% by weight Other solutes 1% by weight Albumins 58% Globulins 37% Fibrinogen 4% Regulatory proteins <1% Electrolytes Nutrients Respiratory gases Waste products Whole blood Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood) Leukocytes 4.5–11 thousand per cubic mm Platelets 150–400 thousand per cubic mm 1 Withdraw blood into a syringe and place it into a glass centrifuge tube. 55% Lymphocytes 20–40% Neutrophils 50–70% <1% Centrifuge Formed elements Monocytes 2–8% 44% Eosinophils 1–4% Basophils 0.5–1% Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood) Erythrocytes 4.2–6.2 million per cubic mm Components of blood separate during centrifugation to reveal plasma, buffy coat, and erythrocytes. 2 Place the tube into a centrifuge and spin for about 10 minutes. 3

Plasma (55% of whole blood) Fig. 21.1 Plasma (55% of whole blood) Water 92% by weight Proteins 7% by weight Other solutes 1% by weight Albumins 58% Globulins 37% Fibrinogen 4% Regulatory proteins <1% Electrolytes Nutrients Respiratory gases Waste products 55% <1% 44%

Buffy Coat

Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood) Fig. 21.1 Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood) Leukocytes 4.5–11 thousand per cubic mm Platelets 150–400 thousand per cubic mm Lymphocytes 20–40% 55% Neutrophils 50–70% <1% Basophils 0.5–1% 44% Monocytes 2–8% Eosinophils 1–4%

Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood) Fig. 21.1 Plasma (55% of whole blood) Buffy coat (<1% of whole blood) 55% <1% Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood) Erythrocytes 4.2–6.2 million per cubic mm 44%

Erythrocytes Lymphocyte Neutrophil Monocytes Platelets LM 640x Fig. 21.2 Erythrocytes Lymphocyte Neutrophil LM 640x Monocytes Platelets

Lots of surface area for gas exchange. Fig. 21.3 Sectional view Superior view ~280 million hemoglobin molecules ~0.75 µm ~2.6 µm ~7.5 µm Red blood cell shape enables them to bend while going through capillaries Lots of surface area for gas exchange.

Some diseases cause RBCs to stick together, forming a roleau Fig. 21.3 LM 250x Erythrocytes Rouleau Some diseases cause RBCs to stick together, forming a roleau

Fig. 21.4 Hemoglobin molecule α2 globin chain β1 globin chain H3C CH2CH2COOH H2C=CH N Fe CH3 Heme (a ringed molecule with iron ion [Fe2+] in the center) β2 globin chain α1 globin chain

Hemoglobin molecule Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide Fig. 21.4 Hemoglobin molecule α2 globin chain β1 globin chain Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide binds less well to carbon dioxide Heme (a ringed molecule with iron ion [Fe2+] in the center) β2 globin chain α1 globin chain

Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. Fig. 21.5 1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow.

Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. Fig. 21.5 1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2 Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days.

Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. Fig. 21.5 1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2 Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days. Liver Spleen 3 Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen.

Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. Fig. 21.5 1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 2 Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days. 4 Heme components of blood are recycled. Heme (iron ions) Heme converted into bilirubin and secreted in bile Iron is stored in the liver. . 3 Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen.

Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. Fig. 21.5 1 Erythrocytes form in red bone marrow. 5 Erythrocyte membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down into amino acids. 2 Erythrocytes circulate in bloodstream for 120 days. 4 Heme components of blood are recycled. Heme (iron ions) Heme converted into bilirubin and secreted in bile Iron is stored in the liver. . 3 Aged erythrocytes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen.

White blood cells are made in the bone marrow Table 21.3a LM 1600x Eosinophil White blood cells are made in the bone marrow All derive from one type of germ cell LM 1600x LM 1600x Neutrophil Basophil LM 1600x LM 400x Lymphocyte Monocyte

Platelets Fibrin Erythrocytes Fig. 21.9 SEM 5000x Platelets Fibrin Erythrocytes Platelets stick to injured blood vessel, create pile of platelets, begin clotting process Fibrin collects over platelets and trapped erythrocytes, creates clot or scab