November 22nd Schedule Reminders Correct Reading Guide Reading Quiz Take-home Exam (GET THREE PARTS!!) Complete/Supplement Unit VI Study Guide

Unit VI - Consciousness Module 22: Hypnosis Module 23: Sleep Module 24: Drug Altered States *Add notes & examples to your READING guide

Levels of Consciousness Consciousness - An organism’s or individual’s awareness of, or possibility of knowing what is happening inside or outside itself Subconscious - Consciousness just below the level of awareness. It contains thoughts and ideas just out of our awareness. Unconscious - A deeper level of awareness is the unconscious. It contains thoughts and desires about which we have no true or direct knowledge.

Module 22: Hypnosis Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

Facts and Falsehoods Can hypnosis work for anyone? NO Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? Age regression – relive an earlier experience NO Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? NO Can hypnosis be therapeutic? YES Can hypnosis alleviate pain? YES

Explaining Hypnosis

DiscPsy p146

Module 23: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories

Biological Clocks Biological clocks are internal units that control parts of the body and which are regulated by nature. They operate on free-running cycles (under their own control). Through entrainment, some cycles can be modified to fit a different rhythm (sleep-wake cycle).

Circadian Rhythms The human body has a natural rhythm or cycle of sleep and wakefulness of 25 hours. Contrast this to the light-dark cycle of 24 hours. The human circadian rhythm is based on an entrained 24-hour cycle. Most people’s low points (temperature, blood pressure, and weakness) generally fall between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.

Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are SUPER active

Sleep and Dreams REM SLEEP NREM SLEEP 1. Rapid eye movement 1. Non-rapid eye movement 2. Increases in length as night’s sleep progresses. 2.Decreases in length as night’s sleep progresses. 3. Vivid dreams 3. Vague, partial images and stories 4. Nightmares 4. Incubus attacks (night terrors) 5. Paralyzed body 5. Sleepwalking & talking in sleep 6. Essential part of sleep for the mind 6. Essential part of sleep for the body

Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Beta Waves Wide awake waves Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences Sleep Spindles Begin during stage 2 sleep and increase through the cycle

REM Sleep

Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

Functions of Sleep Restoration theory —body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape Adaptive theory— sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger Keywords: restoration theory, preservation and protection theory

Module 24: Sleep Disorders/Dreams Insomnia The inability to either fall asleep and/or stay asleep in the night #1 Cause – Stress #2 Cause – Irregular sleep schedule #3 Cause – Diet/Medications Narcolepsy: Genetic sleep disorder Fall into uncontrollable “sleep attacks” – directly to REM Muscle paralysis common  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wN1_yS6_5T4 Sleep apnea: Cessation of breathing while sleeping (typically 100 – 300 X per night) Causes: Weight/Obstruction/Smoking/Asthma  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjQdAf9cQBo

Sleep Disorders Nightmares Night Terrors 1. Occurs during REM sleep, usually during the second half of the night. 1. Occurs during NREM sleep, usually during the first hour of the night. 2. Mild physiological changes 2. Drastic bodily changes: breathing & heart rate rise dramatically. 3. Associated with vivid images 3. Associated with panic 4. Most likely to occur during REM rebound. 4. Most likely to occur in children

Dreams: Freud Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings Manifest Content remembered story line Latent Content underlying meaning

Dreams As Information Processing REM Rebound helps facilitate memories REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

Modules 25 and 81: Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence and Addiction Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big Drug Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Stimulants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD

Psychoactive Drugs Alcohol– in large or small doses it is a depressant. Small doses may indeed, enliven a drinker, but they do so by slowing brain activity that controls judgment and inhibitions. It contributes to the greatest number of deaths.

Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) LSD THC synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations