Ch. 10 The Muscular System ASSIGNMENT: Do the following slides on your own by reading the text and filling the power point notes. Slides: 3-4, 8(except Circular),

I. Introduction A. Types of Muscles by function 1. Agonist or Prime mover: Predicting Actions: Synergists: Fixators: 2. Antagonist: - Example: Biceps & Triceps Brachii 3. Prime Movers and their Antagonist are on opposite sides of the Joint/Bones

B. Naming Skeletal Muscles 1. Direction of fibers Rectus = straight 2. Relative size Maximus = largest

3. By location Temporalis 4. By number of origins Triceps , Biceps

Naming Skeletal Muscles 5. By origin/insertion location Sternocleidomastoid 6. By shape Deltoid = triangular 7. By action Flexor and extensor

C. Muscle Mechanics: Lever Systems 1. Components of a lever system in the Body a) Lever—rigid bar = insertion bone that moves on a fixed point or fulcrum = joint b) Effort—force = muscle contraction applied to a lever to move a resistance (load) c) Load—resistance = insertion bone + tissues + any added weight moved by the effort (c) Third-class lever Arrangement of the elements is load-effort-fulcrum Effort Load Fulcrum In the body: Flexing the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle exemplifies third-class leverage. The effort is exerted on the proximal radius of the forearm, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the load is the hand and distal end of the forearm.

C. Muscle Mechanics: Lever Systems 2. Power versus Speed-- A lever allows a given muscle contraction to move a heavier body part OR to move a body part farther or faster Power Lever Load (insertion bone and tissues) close to joint & muscle contraction farther from joint Purpose: A small effort exerted over a large distance can move a large load over a small distance Mechanical Advantage (b) Second-class lever Arrangement of the elements is fulcrum-load-effort Effort Load Fulcrum In the body: Second-class leverage is exerted when you stand on tip-toe. The effort is exerted by the calf muscles pulling upward on the heel; the joints of the ball of the foot are the fulcrum; and the weight of the body is the load.

C. Muscle Mechanics: Lever Systems 2. … Speed Lever Load is far from the joint and muscle contraction force is closer to joint Force of Contraction must be greater than the Load Purpose: allow a load to be moved rapidly over a large distance Mechanical Disadvantage (c) Third-class lever Arrangement of the elements is load-effort-fulcrum Effort Load Fulcrum In the body: Flexing the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle exemplifies third-class leverage. The effort is exerted on the proximal radius of the forearm, the fulcrum is the elbow joint, and the load is the hand and distal end of the forearm.

What To Know for lab– MUSCLES **Identify muscle Muscles Groups (Quadriceps …) *Actions from lab book Prime Mover, Synergistic, Antagonistic *Origin & Insertion: from Lab Book and general location on bone– distal, middle proximal TIPS The Insertion and Origin indicate what the Actions are. You must know what side of the bones they are on and whether they attach on the proximal or distal parts of the bones; then it is easier to predict the Actions. The best way to learn Actions is to act out the movement while feeling for the muscle contracting and considering where the insertions and origins are. ** Really Important * Important

II. Muscles that cause facial expressions and that move the head Epicranius Galea aponeurotica Corrugator supercilii *Frontal belly (Frontalis) *Orbicularis oculi Occipital belly Levator labii superioris *Zygomaticus minor and major *Temporalis *Buccinator *Masseter Risorius *Sternocleidomastoid *Orbicularis oris *Trapezius Mentalis Splenius capitis Depressor labii inferioris Depressor anguli oris Platysma Figure 10.6

C. Arrangement of muscle fibers into Fascicles: 1. Circular: * Students Do Rest Figure 6.14

Head and Neck Muscles- Muscle to do in Lab Figure 6.15

A. MUSCLES OF MASTICATION AND TONGUE MOVEMENT Temporalis Four pairs: 1. Prime movers of jaw closure a) Temporalis and masseter Cranial Nerve VII, Facial Do in lab 2. Grinding movements b) Medial and lateral pterygoids Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) See LAB BOOK for INSERTIONS, ORIGINS, and ACTIONS Masseter Medial & Lateral pterygoid muscles

Temporalis Orbicularis oris Masseter Buccinator (a) Figure 10.7a

Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Masseter pulled away (b) Figure 10.7b

B. Facial Expression Muscles-- SEE LAB BOOK a) Epicarnius-Frontal Belly = Frontalis Elevates eyebrows & wrinkles forehead b) Orbicularis muscles = muscle forms a ring around a part of the face i) Orbicularis Oculi: encircles eye Closes eye ii) Orbicularis Oris: encircles lips/mouth Brings lips together, kissing c) Zygomaticus (two parts) Elevates sides of mouth, smiling d) Buccinator– mostly deep to iand below the most- inferior zygomaticus - Compresses checks inward-- wistling

C. Muscles of the Neck that move Head FLEXION a) Sternocleidomastoid— If both sides contract together causes head flexion If one side contracts only, causes lateral rotation b) Scalenes— - deep to Sternocleidomastoid - Cause lateral head rotation EXTENSION Trapezius: upper back muscle that extends to back of head - Extends head and other movements (will do later) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Base of occipital bone 1st cervical vertebra Mastoid process Middle scalene Sternocleido- mastoid Anterior scalene Posterior scalene (a) Anterior Figure 10.9a

END Platysma (cut) Mylohyoid Omohyoid (superior belly) Sternohyoid Figure 10.9b Muscles of the anterior neck and throat used in swallowing. Platysma (cut) Mylohyoid Omohyoid (superior belly) Sternohyoid Sternocleido- mastoid END © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Use for Practice Quiz

(a) Mechanical advantage with a power lever Effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm (force x distance) = (resistance x distance) Effort 10 kg 0.25 cm Effort 25 cm Fulcrum Load 10 x 25 = 1000 x 0.25 250 = 250 1000 kg Load Fulcrum (a) Mechanical advantage with a power lever Figure 10.2a