Behaviourism Psychology 4006.

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Presentation transcript:

Behaviourism Psychology 4006

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) In training for ministry, but decided on science after reading Darwin and Sechenov 1883 degree in medicine 1891 director of Institute of Experimental Medicine (St. Petersburg) Research on digestion Research on salivary reflex leads to conditioning work Nobel Prize for physiology 1904

Ivan Petrovich knew his stuff Replication strategy Acquisition of a CR Extinction of a CR Generalization and discrimination Experimental neurosis Breakdown in discrimination

Commies Loved him… Pavlov and Soviets Conditioning work consistent with Soviet mission Condition people to share Communist ideals Hence, Pavlov’s work favored and well funded Pavlov initially critical But accommodated in face of Nazi threat in 1930s

The Founding of Behaviourism John Watson (1878-1958) Trained at functionalist University of Chicago Ph.D. 1903 correlated brain development and improved learning ability in rats 1903-1908 on the faculty at Chicago Maze studies with Carr

A Radical New Idea Watson at Johns Hopkins 1908-1920 Continued animal studies Both lab and field 1913 Behaviorist Manifesto paper Introspection and consciousness out Thinking is just sub-vocal speech Study of overt behavior in Goal given S, predict R; given R, predict S Promise of applications 1915 APA presidential address Demonstrated effects of conditioning procedures

Watson was ‘asked to resign’ Watson after Johns Hopkins (after 1920) Applying science to a new life in advertising Marketing research Advertising campaigns based on emotions Popularizing behaviorism Behaviorism (1924) Importance of the environment Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928) Rational rather than emotional parenting strategy

Watson left, but behaviourism continued Events in the 1920s leading to neobehaviorism (1930-1960) Operationism Operational definitions Enables replication Converging operations Increased confidence when the same outcomes result from multiple operational definitions of the same construct Consensus on Evolutionary continuum (human to animal links) Learning/conditioning (nurture focus)

Skinner, the father of Radical Behaviourism B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Ph.D. from Harvard (1931), then University Fellow (until 1938) The Behavior of Organisms (1938) Type S conditioning Pavlovian Two stimuli paired, producing same response Type R conditioning operant Behavior produces predictable consequences Minnesota for 9 years, then 4 years as department head at Indiana 1948 returns to Harvard to stay

Radical Behaviourism Operant conditioning Controlled environment (operant chamber) Experimental analysis of behavior Stimulus control Opposed formal theory Preferred an inductive strategy The problem of explanatory fictions Dangers of labels becoming explanations

Radical Behaviourism The technological ideal Goal not just to predict and understand behavior, but also to control it Project Pigeon WWII guided missile system using pigeons Applications to child rearing and teaching Walden Two (1948) Utopian community built on operant principles Became widely read in the 1960s

Conclusions Huge in North America, not as huge in Europe Probably saved psychology Probably went too far What’s on your behaviour? Methods are still used today.