The Cognitive Level of Analysis Revision JEOPARDY The Cognitive Level of Analysis Revision

The Cognitive Level of Analysis General Learning Outcomes Models of memory Factors affecting memory Emotions Reliability of memory 200 400 600 800 1000 Bonus Question: 5000 pts

Topic 1: 200 Question: State one principle of the Cognitive Level of Analysis. Answer Mental representations guide behaviour; cognitive processes can be studied scientifically. Back

Topic 1: 400 Question: What method was used by Brown & Kulik in their classic study of Flashbulb memory? Answer They used both structured interviews and questionnaires. Back

Topic 1: 600 Question: What ethical consideration may have been violated in Loftus’s “Lost in the Mall study?” Answer Deception was used in a way that may have broken the trust of the participants and violated their right to informed consent. Back

Topic 1: 800 Question: The CLOA says that cognitive processes can be studied. What did the Behaviourists say about this? Answer Skinner and other Behaviourists believed that the mind was a “black box” that could not be studied. Only observable behaviour was able to be studied scientifically. Back

Topic 1: 1000 Question: Which research method was used by Bartlett in his War of Ghosts study? Answer It is a quasi experiment. There is no manipulation of an IV and the procedure does not have a control group. Back

Topic 2: 200 Question: According to Atkinson & Schiffrin, how do we transfer information from STM to LTM? Answer Through rehearsal. Back

Topic 2: 400 Question: What is one thing that schema theory can explain that Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model cannot? Answer Memory distortion. Back

Topic 2: 600 Question: According to Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model, what are the characteristics of STM? Answer STM is limited in both duration and capacity. Back

Topic 2: 800 Question: What evidence is there that STM and LTM may be in different memory stores? Answer Biological research: HM; Serial Position Effect (Glanzer & Cunitz). Back

Topic 2: 1000 Question: What phenomenon does Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model explain which neither schema theory nor Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model can? Answer Multi-tasking. Baddeley & Hitch’s model has different short-term memory stores. Back

Topic 3: 200 Question: According to Newcomer et al, how can biology affect memory? Answer Newcomer et al showed that higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol can impair transfer of information from STM to LTM. Back

Topic 3: 400 Question: According to Cole & Scribner, what effect does education have on memory processing? Answer Liberian children who were not schooled did not chunk words on a list into categories to recall them. Back

Topic 3: 600 Question: In Martinez & Kesner’s study of acetylcholine, what role did scopolamine play in the study? Answer Scopolamine blocked the acetylcholine receptor site. When this was blocked, memories of the maze were not retained Back

Topic 3: 800 Question: Research carried out by McGaugh & Cahill found that which hormone may be responsible for creating emotional memories? Answer Adrenaline. When they used a beta-blocker, emotional arousal did not lead to the same level of recall of a set of slides. Back

Topic 3: 1000 Question: What biological support is there for Rutter’s finding that institutionalized children have lower recall? Answer Carion found that children who were abused or neglected had less dense (smaller) hippocampi, which is responsible for the transfer of information from STM to LTM. Back

Topic 4: 200 Question: According to Brown & Kulik, which emotion is responsible for flashbulb memories? Answer Surprise. Back

Topic 4: 400 Question: What does Singer & Schachter’s “Two Factor Theory” say about emotion? Answer Emotion is based on emotional arousal and cognitive labeling (cognitive appraisal). Back

Topic 4: 600 Question: Which emotion was measured in Speismann’s study of cognitive appraisal? Answer None. Speismann measured physiological response and wanted to see if would vary based on the form of appraisal (the IV). They measured heart rate and galvanic skin response. Back

Topic 4: 800 Question: Modern day research on Flashbulb Memory shows that which part of the brain may be responsible for the phenomena? Answer The amygdala. Back

Topic 4: 1000 Question: This theorist argued that there are seven universal emotions, based on what he observed with recognition of facial expressions. Answer Paul Eckman. Back

Topic 5: 200 Question: Why is memory often considered “unreliable?” Answer Because it is often reconstructed. Back

Topic 5: 400 Question: What did Neisser & Harsch find out about memory in their Challenger study? Answer That individuals’ level of confidence was very high for emotional memories, but the accuracy of the information was not highly reliable. Back

Topic 5: 600 Question: What did Loftus & Palmer find influenced one’s memory? Answer Post-event information. Specifically – leading questions. They changed the intensity of the verb (IV) and found that participants’ estimates of the speed of a car crash varied. Back

Topic 5: 800 Question: Name one study that shows that memory is reliable. Answer Yuille & Cutshall found that leading questions did not have an effect on recall of an actual crime. Bahrick et al found that people could still recognize faces in a high school year 48 years later with 70% accuracy. Bernsen & Thomsen’s Danish partisan study. Back

Topic 5: 1000 Question: Which type of memory appears to be the most reliable and resistant to forgetting? Answer Procedural memories. Back

Bonus Question: 5000 pts. Question: Plaques, tangles and amyloid proteins are all associated with which cognitive disorder? Answer Alzheimer’s disease. Back