SUB: Building Construction (2130607) STONE MASONRY SUB: Building Construction (2130607) Civil Engineering (3RD Sem) Gaurang Ghadiya 130870106031 Rahul Chaudhri 130870106017 Yash Gondaliya 130870106034 Aadit patel 130870106001 Gaurang Badhivala 130870106030 Civil Engineering (3RD Sem)

What is stone masonry? Stone masonry is made of stone units bonded together with mortor.

Stone Masonry The construction of stones bonded together with mortar is termed as stone masonry where the stones are available in a abundance in nature, on cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they provide an economical material for the construction of various building components such as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams etc.

Uses Building foundations, walls, piers, pillars, and architectural works. Lintels, Beams, beams Arches, domes etc., Roofs and Roof coverings. Cladding Works Dams, light houses, monumental structures. Paving jobs Railway, ballast, black boards and electrical switch boards

Selection of stone for stone masonry: Availability Ease of working Appearance Strength and stability Polishing characteristics Economy Durability

Through Stone

General Principles The stones to be used for stone masonry should be hard, tough and durable. The pressure acting on stones should be vertical. The stones should be perfectly dressed as per the requirements. The heads and bond stones should not be of a dumb bell shape. In order to obtain uniform distribution of load, under the ends of girders, roof trusses etc large flat stones should be used

Technical terms Block in course Corbel Cornice Bedding plane The course of stones provided on the top of cornice to hold down and prevent the cornice from overturning. Corbel A short stone cantilever jutting from the face of a wall to form a bearing. Cornice A projection which crowns a wall, any horizontal division of a wall, or an architectural feature. Bedding plane The plane along which the stones can be separated into different layers. By. Engr.Rahat Ullah

Corbel Cornice and drip stone

…….continued Jamb Grouting Moulding Drip stone A projecting moulded stone having its under surface throated to prevent rain water flowing back to a wall. Jamb Part of wall which is at the side of an opening. Grouting The process of working out of the mortar cement slurry over stone or bricks to fill their joints and cracks etc. is called grouting. Moulding Ornamental features given to the construction members to improve their appearance. By. Engr.Rahat Ullah

…….continued Parapet Templates A low wall constructed around the terrace of a building having flat roof is called parapet wall. Coping A special course provided at the top of wall preventing penetration of rainwater from entering the wall. Templates Pieces of stones placed under the ends of beams to distribute load over larger area. By. Engr.Rahat Ullah

By. Engr.Rahat Ullah

General Principles As far as possible broken stones or small stones chips should not be used. Double scaffolding should be used for working at higher level. The properly wetted stones should be used to avoid mortar moisture being sucked.

Laying The Stone Decrease the stone thickness from the bottom to the top of wall. Ensure that the headers in the heart of the wall are the same size as in the face and extend at least 12 in (300 mm) into the core or backing. (Avoid Dumb-bell shaped stones) The headers shall occupy at least 20 % of the face of the wall.

Laying The Stone Lay the masonry in roughly leveled courses. Ensure that the bottom of the foundation is large, with selected stones. Regularly diminish the thicknesses of the courses, if varied, from the bottom to the top of the wall. Before laying the stone in the wall, shape and dress it so that it will not loosen after it is placed. No dressing or hammering which will loosen the stone will be permitted after it is placed.

Clean each stone and saturate it with water before setting it Clean each stone and saturate it with water before setting it. Clean and moisten the bed that will receive it. Ensure that the joints and beds have an average thickness of not more than 1 inch. (25 mm). Ensure that the vertical joints in each course break with the adjoining courses at least 6 in. (150 mm). Do not place vertical joints directly above or below a header joint.

Thoroughly wet the joints pointed after the stone is laid with clean water and fill with mortar. Drive the mortar into the joints and finish with an approved pointing tool. NOTE: Do not perform pointing in freezing weather or when the stone contains frost. After the pointing is completed and the mortar is set, thoroughly clean the walls and leave them in a neat condition.

Masonry Joints

Types of Stone Masonry: Based on the arrangement of the stone in the construction and degree of refinement in the surface finish, the stone masonry can be classified broadly in the following two categories: Rubble masonry Ashlar masonry

Classification of stone masonry Rubble masonry 1. Randam rubble masonry - Coursed - uncoursed 2. Square rubble masonry 3. Polygonal rubble masonry 4. Flint rubble masonry 5. Dry rubble masonry Ashlar masonry 3. Rock (or) quarry faced 4. Ashlar chamfered 1. Ashlar fine masonry 5. Ashlar block in course 2. Ashlar rough tooled

Random rubble masonry Coursed

Continue…. In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry. In coursed random rubble masonry, the masonry work is carried out in courses such that the stones in a particular course are of equal height.

Un-coursed

Continue…. In this type of masonry, the stones used are of widely different sizes. This is the roughest and cheapest form of stone masonry. In uncoursed random rubble masonry, the coarses are not maintained regularly. The larger stones are laid first and the spaces between them are then filled up by means of spalls or sneeks.

Square rubble masonry Coursed

Continue… In this type of masonry stones having straight bed and sides are used. The stones are usually squared and brought to hammer dressed or straight cut finish. In the coursed square rubble masonry, the work is carried out in courses of varying depth.

Un-coursed

Polygonal rubble masonry

Continue… In this type of rubble masonry, the stones are hammer dressed. The stones used for face work are dressed in an irregular polygonal shape. Thus the face joints are seen running in an irregular fashion in all directions.

Flint rubble masonry

Continue… In this type of masonry, stone used are flints or cobbles. These are irregularly shaped nodules of silica. The stones are extremely hard. But they are brittle and therefore they break easily.

Dry rubble masonry

Continue… In this type of masonry, mortar is not used in the joints. This type of construction is the cheapest and requires more skill in construction. This may be used for non-load bearing walls such as compound walls, etc…

ASHLAR MASONRY 1. ASHLAR FINE MASONRY

Continue… In this type ashlar masonry, each stone is cut to uniform size and shape with all sides rectangular, so that the stone gives perfectly horizontal and vertical joints with adjoining stone. This type of ashlar masonry is very costly.

Ashlar rough tooled masonry

Continue… In this type of ashlar masonry, the beds and sides are finely chisel-dressed. But the face is made rough by means of tools. A strip, about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone.

Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry

Continue… In this type of ashlar masonry, a strip about 25mm wide and made by means of chisel is provided around the perimeter of every stone as in case of rough-tooled ashlor masondry. But the remaining portion of the face is left in the same form as received from quarry.

Ashlar chamfered masonry

Continue… In this type of ashlar masonry, the strip is provided as below. But it is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of chisel for a depth of about 25mm.

Ashlar back in course masonry

Continue… This is combination of rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. In this type of masondry, the face work is provided with rough tooled or hammer dresses stones and backing of the wall may be made in rubble masonry.

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