The Structure and Function of Macromolecules AP Biology Crosby High School

Polymers Long chains Made of Monomers Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Serve as fuel and C source Multiples of CH2O Glucose Fructose Galactose Hexose, Pentose, Triose Ketose and Aldose

Carbohydrates (cont.) Formed by glycosidic linkages Maltose = glucose + glucose Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose

Carbohydrates (still) Polysaccharides Storage Starch Stored in plastids Usually helical Glycogen Structural Cellulose

Lipids: Fat Glycerol and Fatty acids Hydrophobic Ester Linkages Tail: fatty acid Head: glycerol

Saturated vs. Unsaturated No double bonds May lead to heart disease Unsaturated One or more double bonded C “Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils”

Lipids: Phospholipids Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, PO4 group Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head Assembly in water Micelle Phospholipid Bilayer

Lipids: Steroids Steroids Cholesterol Precursor of steroids i.e. Sex hormones

Proteins Polypeptides Peptide bonds Amino Acids Two distinct ends Amino group Carboxyl group Hydrogen R group Two distinct ends N-terminus C-terminus

Proteins Structures Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Frederick Sanger (1950) and Sanger Sequencing Secondary Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet Tertiary Hydrophobic interactions Disulfide bridges Quaternary Aggregate of subunits Collagen

Protein Folding Denaturation Chaperonins X-ray Crystallography pH Salt concentration Aqeous  organic solvent Chemicals that disrupt bonds heat Chaperonins X-ray Crystallography

Nucleic Acids Types Inheritance Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Inheritance Double helix held together by H bonds

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds Parts of nucleotides Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidine Purine Pentose DNA RNA Phosphate group

Monosaccharides

Storage

Structure

Phospholipids

Non-polar a.a

Polar a.a

Primary Structure

Secondary

Tertiary

Quaternary

Protein Folding

Nucleotide Components

Nucleic Acid