Biochemistry
Ch 2: chemistry basics Ch 3: Water Ch 4: Properties of Carbon Ch 5: Biological macromolecules
Elements in the Body 96.3% 3.7% Trace elements O, C, H, N Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg Trace elements B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn
Nucleus Protons Neutrons Electron cloud Electrons
Numbers Atomic number = number of protons Mass number: protons + neutrons Atomic mass: decimal number
Bohr Models P 36
Bonds Covalent Ionic Sharing electrons Between nonmetals Transfer of electrons Between metals and nonmetals
Hydrogen bond Is a polar attraction
Reactions
Water Cohesive Adhesive High specific heat Polar Hydrogen bonds Universal solvent
pH <7 acid: High [H+] >7 base: Low [H+] 7 neutral
Carbon Miller - Urey Experiment
Isomers Structural Cis-trans (geometric) Enantiomers
Structural isomers
cis-trans isomers
Enantiomers: mirror images
Hydroxyl: -OH (alcohols)
Carbonyl: C=O
Aldehydes:
Ketone
Carboxyl: COO- or -COOH
Amino: -NH2
Sulfhydryl: -SH (Thiols)
Phosphate: PO4
Methyl: CH3
Amide
Ether:
Carbon chain names Methyl (Form) Ethyl (Acet) Propyl Butyl Pentyl Hexyl
Compound name endings Alcohols: ol Aldehydes: al Ketones: one Sugar: ose Enzyme: ase
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates Fuel Building material
Aldose and Ketose
Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides Glycosidic linkage Sucrose = glucose + fructose Maltose = glucose + glucose Lactose = glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides Storage: Starch Glycogen Structural: Cellulose Chitin
Lipids Energy storage Not water soluble Protection Cell membranes Hormones
Lipids Fats: glycerol + 3 fatty acids Saturated: Unsaturated: only single C-C bonds Animal origin Unsaturated: C=C double bonds Plant origin Hydrogenated vegetable oil Trans fats
Formation of ester Ester bond
Fats
Fats
Phospholipids Form bilayers Hydrophilic head: outside Hydrophobic tail: inside
Steroids Hormones Precurser is cholesterol Sex hormones Adrenal cortex hormones
Steroid skeleton
Proteins Structure and movement Transport Immunity Enzymes Hormones Receptors
Primary Protein Structure Linear chain of amino acids Linked by peptide bonds (dehydration synthesis)
Secondary Protein Structure Hydrogen bonding between atoms in the backbone a helix b sheet
Secondary Structure
Tertiary Structure Interaction of amino acid R groups (side chains) Disulfide bridges (cysteine) Hydrophobic interaction
Tertiary Structure
Quartenary Structure Multiple polypeptides aggregate Hemoglobin is a globular protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains
Denaturation Breakdown of protein shape due to: pH changes Heat Salt content Medium polarity change
Protein folding Chaperonins: assist in proper folding Alzheimers, Parkinson’s, and mad cow disease result from misfolded proteins
Nucleic acids Made of nucleotides DNA and RNA Phosphate Sugar (pentose) Nitrogenous base DNA and RNA
The nitrogenous bases Purines: double ring Pyrimidines: single ring Adenine Guanine Pyrimidines: single ring Cytosine Thymine (in DNA) Uracil (in RNA)