The World of Music 6th edition Part 4 Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12: Music of the Romantic Period (Nineteenth Century)

Attributes of the Romantic Period Revolution Capitalism Emotion Imagination A Desire to be Different Nationalism Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Changes in Musical Life Patronage System in Decline Composers must Promote Themselves Creates need for: Concert Managers (Impresarios) Music Publishers Music Critics Virtuosi Become Celebrities Much Music too Difficult for Amateurs Creates need for Teachers Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Absolute and Program Music Classical Music for its own Sake No Intended Imagery Characteristic of: Sonata Symphony Concerto Program Depicts: Moods Images Stories Characters Reflects Interest in Poetry Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Characteristics of Romantic Music Programmatic Lyrical Melodies Chromaticism Dissonance Emotional Complex Rhythms Syncopated Irregular Bigger (and more Varied) Orchestras Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Forms of the Romantic Period Sonata Common, but less Strict Symphonic Poem Stage Forms Overture Prelude Suite Incidental Music Many Different Chamber Groups Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Opera in the Romantic Period Composers Verdi Wagner Rossini Puccini Richard Strauss Great Variety in Size and Subjects Romantic Operas Still Performed Today Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Ballet Originally Part of Opera Features Dancing Solo Ensemble Famous Tchaikovsky Ballets Sleeping Beauty Swan Lake The Nutcracker Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Keyboard Music New Miniature Forms Expressive Lyrical and Dramatic Character Pieces Solo (Voice) Song with Piano Expressive Lyrical and Dramatic Technically Demanding Chopin Miniature Forms Impromptu Nocturne Mazurka Polonaise Prelude Waltz Étude Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Songs Solo Voice with Piano Usually Short Schubert Highly Expressive Wrote over 600 Songs Frequently used words of German Poets Highly Expressive Often Strophic Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Johannes Brahms (1833 – 1897) German Traditionalist Traits of his Music Passionate Introspective Rich/Dark Lyrical Complex Rhythms Intricate Polyphony Mostly Absolute Output 4 Symphonies 1 Violin Concerto 2 Piano Concertos Much Chamber Music Sonatas Piano Cello Violin Clarinet Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Frédéric Chopin (1810 – 1849) Polish Pianist Unique Compositional Style Elaborate Decorative Melodies Colorful, Dissonant Harmonies Extreme Rubato Output Many Miniatures 3 Piano Sonatas 2 Piano Concertos Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Felix Mendelssohn (1809 – 1847) German Wealthy Family Widely Traveled Traditional (Classical) Style Well-Known Pieces “Scotch” Symphony “Italian” Symphony Elijah Oratorio Violin Concerto in E Minor Hebrides Overture Midsummer Night’s Dream Incidental Music Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Franz Schubert (1797 – 1828) Prolific Song Composer Struggled with poverty and illness Style Great variety Lyrical melodies Colorful harmonies Great sensitivity to poetic texts Output 600 + Lieder 2 Song Cycles 9 Symphonies 22 Piano Sonatas Miniatures Chamber Pieces Choral Works Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Pyotr I’yich Tchaikovsky (1840 – 1893) Russian Influences Russian Folk Songs Italian Opera French Ballet German Symphonies/Songs Style Tuneful Accessible Emotional Output 6 Symphonies Concertos Violin Piano Ballets Swan Lake Sleeping Beauty The Nutcracker Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Guiseppe Verdi (1813 – 1901) Representative Works Italian Known for Opera Unhappy Tragic Endings Invited to open Carnegie Hall Style Conventional Harmonies Predictable Rhythms Superb Melodies Theatrical Representative Works Opera Rigoletto La Traviata Il Trovatore Aida Choral Te Deum Requiem Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883) German Revolutionary His Music Drama had equal portions of: Music Drama Poetry Stagecraft Style Symphonic Strong Brass Leitmotiv Colorful Wrote own Libretti Music Dramas The Ring of the Nibelung Tristan and Isolde Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Other Romantic Composers Hector Berlioz Antonin Dvor˘ák Edvard Grief Franz Liszt Gustav Mahler Giacomo Puccini Sergei Rachmaninoff Nicolay Rimsky-Korsakov Gioachino Rossini Robert Schumann Bedrˇich Smetana Richard Strauss Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Chapter Summary Why do you think Romantic Period music is so much more popular than modern classical music? What can you learn by listening to a piece multiple times? Do you think the emotional language of Western music is universally human or culturally learned? Would a Brahms symphony communicate the same emotions to a rural Chinese farmer that it does to you? Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period

Image Credits Slide 2 Royalty-Free/CORBIS Slide 8 © Digital Vision Part IV Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 12 Music of the Romantic Period