@)&$.)$.!( :6fkm sn]h, hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf Jofjxfl/s kIfdf 5nkmn @)&$.)$.!( :6fkm sn]h, hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/   Presented by Shyam Prasad Bhandari Joint secretary Government of Nepal

k|:t'ltdf /xg] ljifox?M' g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL of]hgf tyf cfof]hgfdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] ljsf;qmd cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg;DaGwL k|of;x? ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf #& cf}+ NDAC sf] lg0f{o

ljsf; of]hgf cfof]hgf;DaGwL zAbfjnL -txut ?kdf_ Policy -gLlt_ Plan -of]hgf_ Sector -ljifout If]q_ Programme -sfo{qmd_ Project -cfof]hgf÷kl/of]hgf_ Component (Programme) -sDkf]g]G6x?÷sfo{qmd_ Activities -lqmofsnfkx?_ Key actions/tasks -sfo{x?÷sfd_ (derived from WBS)

Institutions/ Mechanisms M&E system in Nepal Level Guidelines/ Framework Indicators Data sources Institutions/ Mechanisms National National M&E Guidelines; RFs NPC M&E plan Intermediate and final indicators Census, surveys, PPIS NDAC; M&E Div (NPC) CMC, M&E Div (OPMCM) NPPR, M&E Div MOF Ministerial M&E guidelines RFs, M&E plans Performance indicators Surveys MISs MDAC M&E Div/Sec. in LMs Regional No separate guidelines Annual program indicators Adm. records Field reports Regional Adm. Office Sectoral Directorates Local DPMAS DPMAS indicators DIDC (DDC) MCPM Social/public audits Project M&E plans Logframe and annual program indicators Project records M&E units Public audits

M&E in the planning process Evaluate Budget Goals Public sector management can be looked at in different dimensions. National/Subnational/sector level/ Implement Monitor 5

cfof]hgf rqmdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg cfof]hgfsf] klxrfg PLAN k|efj d"NofÍg k[i7kf]if0f lbuf]kgf cg'udg DO sfof{Gjog r/0f ;DkGg k|ltj]bg cfof]hgfsf] ;DkGg k[i7kf]if0f nufgL k|ltkmn cg'udg / rfn" d"NofÍg SEE d"NofÍg cg'udg

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf s] ul/G5 < cg'udgdf s] ul/G5 < k|ult ;dLIff, sfo{of]hgf / k|ultjLrsf] t'ngf cjnf]sg jf :ynut lg/LIf0f tYof+s ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of klxrfg, ;dfwfg jf k|ltj]bg cfof]hgfnfO{ lglb{i6 kl/df0f, u'0f:t/, nfut / ;dod} ;DkGg u/fpg] k|of; d"NofÍgdf s] x]l/G5 < cfof]hgfn] p2]Zo tyf nIo xfl;n u/], gu/]sf] jf ug{] l:ylt /x], g/x]sf] cfof]hgfsf] ;fGble{stf, s'zntf, k|efjsfl/tf, k|efj / bLuf]kgfsf] n]vfhf]vf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg b'a}nfO{ cfaZos s'/fx? cfof]hgf b:tfj]h, aflif{s sfo{qmd, ;"rsx?, cfwf/ tYof+s, cfalws nIo

g]kfndf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] ljsf;qmd klxnf] r/0f M ef/ k|0ffnL kfFrf} of]hgf -@)#@–)#&_ b]lv (Weightage system) vr{ /sddf cfwfl/t If]qut sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx?, ;ftf} of]hgf -@)$@–)$&_ b]lv bf];|f] r/0f M gofF cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|0ffnL cf7f+} of]hgf -@)$(–)%$_ b]lv gjf} of]hgf -@)%$–)%(_ ;+:yfut Joj:yf (NDAC & MDAC, 2049/04/08) t];|f] r/0f M glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–)^$_ b]lv xfn;Dd (Result Framework in 13th and 14th Plan) ul/aL cg'udg / ljZn]if0f Joj:yf (PMAS, T.A., PETS,PPIS) k|efj d"NofÍg ( I.E.40+ 3)

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] ;+:yfut Aoj:yf ! /fli6«o txM s_ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no, (Final Audit) v_ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, (Service D) u_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, (NDAC) 3_ cy{ dGqfno÷ljifout dGqfnox?, (MDAC) ª_ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, (Technical Audit) r_ dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfof{no, (PETS) @ ljefu÷If]qLo txM If]qLo÷k|zf;g sfof{nox¿ # lhNnf txM ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@) -&_ df lhNnf ;efsf] k|d'v sfddf ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f sfo{df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{ .

Planning, Budgeting and M&E- Key documents

/fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg lbUbz{g, @)&) ;Defljt ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t ;lxt glthf ;"rsx? kl/eflift ul/Psf] . ;+:yfut ;+oGq / e"ldsf k|i6 ul/Psf] . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf ljifox? /flvPsf] . ;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{gsfnflu ljlwx? k|:tfljt ul/Psf] . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg of]hgf agfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf cg'udg ug{'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf ;'emfj Aoj:yfksLo sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] .

cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;+oGq tyf ;"rgfsf] k|jfx /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\ k|wfgd+qL tyf d+=k=sf] sfof{no m &E /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt M&E /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u dGqfno -dlj;;;_ ljefux? ';d:of ;+:yfx? If]qLo sfof{no M&e lhlj;x? lhNnf:t/Lo cfof]hgfx? s]Gb|Lo :t/sf cfof]hgfx? M&e lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lsg < cfof]hgfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut, u'0f:t/ kl/df0fdf ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ . nufgL, lqmofsnfk, k|ltkmn (Output), dfkm{t c;/ (Outcome) / k|efj (Impact) xfl;n ug{ . k[i7kf]if0f pknJw u/fO{ gLltlgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf dfWodaf6 kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf clej[l4 u/L ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg . cfd hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;s/fTds k|efj Nofpg .

sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k|efj d"NofÍg kmfObfx?sf] k|jfx clGtd d"NofÍg k"j{ d"NofÍg dWofjlw d"NofÍg cfwf/ ;j]{If0f lg/Gt/ k[i7kf]if0f lg/Gt/ cg'udg lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg 5gf}6 r/0f lgdf{0f r/0f ;~rfng r/0f

cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sfo{ k|jfx Line Min & NPCS Desk M&E Verification Data collection Field Visit

cg'udgsf] ;do / x]g'{kg]{ ljifox? rf}dfl;s cg'udgsf] ;do / x]g'{kg]{ ljifox? Kf|yd Uft aif{sf] aflif{s k|ult, rfn" aif{sf] aflif{s sfo{qmd / clVtof/L k|fKt eP gePsf], d'cfAhf ljt/0f eP gePsf], 7]Ssfk6\6f ;Demf}tf eP gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? bf];|f] 7]Ssfk6\6f ;Demf}tf jdf]lhd sfo{ k|ult eP, gePsf], vr{ /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ dfu eP gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox? Tf];|f] vr{ /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ dfu eP gePsf], ljlgof]lht jh]6 vr{ x'g;Sg] l:ylt /x] g/x]sf], sfd e};s]sf] /sd e'QmfgL eP gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?

cg'udgsf ljwL nIo / k|ultsf] t'ngf :ynut cg'udg :ynut cg'udgdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ sfuhftx¿ ;f]r tflnsf -nlhsn k|m]djs{_ jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd rf}dfl;s k|ult k|ltj]bg ;"rsx¿ jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd -efu !_ lhNnf:tl/o jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd -efu @_ k|ltj]bg -cg'udg tyf kmf/fd_ t]>f] kIf cg'udg

:ynut cg'udg jf lg/LIf0f lsg< sfof{Gjogsf] jf:tljs k|ult canf]sg ug{, cfof]hgfsf] k|ult k|ltj]bgsf] j}wtf Plsg ug{ / Joj:yfkgnfO{ lhDd]jf/ u/fpg sfof{Gjog qmddf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx? af/] hfgsf/L lng ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u ug{sf nflu :ynut ?kdf g} lgb]{zg lbg, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu Joj:yfkgn] u/]sf k|of;af/] hfgsf/L lng ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljleGg ljsNkx? klxrfg ug{, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf ljsNksf jf/]df lg0f{ostf{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg, cfof]hgfsf ;DaGwdf nfeu|fxL ju{ nufot cGo kIfsf] wf/0ff af/] hfgsf/L lng, cfof]hgf / cGo kIfjLr s'g} ljjfb k/]df ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ .

:ynut cg'udgsf r/0fx? Kf"j{ tof/L tyf b:tfj]hx?sf] cWoog :ynut lg/LIf0f tyf ;"rgf ;+sng k|ltj]bg tyf ;"rgfsf] k|of]u

Kf"j{ tof/L r/0fM b:tfj]hx?sf] cWoog cfof]hgf b:tfj]h ;f]r tflnsf Afflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog of]hgf jf u|fG6 rf6{ cflb k|ult k|ltj]bgx? lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg k|ltj]bgx? Kflxn]sf d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg

:ynut canf]sg r/0f tYof+s ;+sng tyf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg cfof]hgfsf] k|ult ljj/0f, lj|lkm+u gf]6 Kf|ToIf cjnf]sg -kmf]6f], gSzf_ ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmn Hfflgkmsf/;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;Fusf] 5nkmn nfeu|fxL;Fusf] 5nkmn

cg'udg r]slni6 agfpFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifox? :ynut e|d0f k|f/De ug{'eGbf cl3 ;+sng ug{'kg]{ ljj/0fsf] ;"lr tof/ ug]{ Kf|fKt ljj/0f n]vfhf]vf u/L s] ljifodf cjnf]sg ug{ ynf]df hfg'kg]{ xf] k|i6 x'g] Yfnf]df s] ;f]Wg], s;nfO{ ;f]Wg] / s;/L ;f]Wg] eGg] k|f/lDes ljifo tof/ ug]{ . k|fKt ;"rgf tyf tYof+s s;/L ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] k|i6 ug]{ cGo ljifox?======

Kf|ltj]bgdf b]vfOg] ;d:ofx?sf] tYotf k|i6 ug]{ -!_ Jfh]6 sd x'g', hgzlQmsf] sdL x'g', Hfg;xeflutf gh'6\g', pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;dodf u7g gx'g', 7]Ssf u/fpFbf k|lt:kwf{ gx'g', cGt/ lgsfo ;dGjo gx'g' -d'cfAhf, jgIf]qdf lgdf{0f sfo{ cflb_, k/fdz{bftf jf 7]s]bf/n] ;dodf sfd ;DkGg gug{'

Kf|ltj]bgdf b]vfOg] ;d:ofx?sf] tYotf k|i6 ug]{ -@_ ;DkGg sfdsf] ;dodf e'QmfgL gx'g' kF"hLut vr{ clt g} sd x'g', cfof]hgfsf] ljt]sf] ;dosf] t'ngfdf ef}lts / ljQLo k|ult sd x'g' cfof]hgfaf6 e}/x]sf jf ;DkGg e};s]sf sfo{x?sf] u'0f:t/df k|Zg p7\g' sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf cfpFbf ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7\g' lgld{t ;+/rgfx?sf] dd{t ;+ef/ / pkof]u gx'g' cflb .

nIo / k|ultsf] t'ngf * ;"rs nIo k|ult nIo–k|ult aLrsf] cGt/ sf/0f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf k|of;x¿ sfnf] kq] ug]{ !$ ls=dL= !) $ 7]s]bf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;d:of ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+u 5nkmn sfo{ e}/x]sf] k/fdz{bftfsf] lgo'lQm @ hgf ) tfnLd ;+rfng ug]{ !% % ;do tyf ah]6sf] cefj cfufld rf}dfl;sdf ;DkGg ul/g], cy{df kqfrf/ ul/Psf] * :ynut cg'udgdf hfFbfsf] cjZyfsf] rf}dfl;s nIo cg';f/sf] k|ultsf] cjZyf pNn]v ug]{ * :ynut cg'udgdf hfFbfsf] cj:yfsf] rf}dfl;s nIo cg';f/sf] k|ultsf] cj:yf pNn]v ug]{ .

Gflthf rqmdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf tx s:tf ;"rsx? x]l/G5 ? K|fefj hghLjg :t/df ;'wf/ Ufl/jL Go"gLs/0f, Dffgj ljsf; glthf k|efj d"Nof+sg c;/sf] d"Nof+sg glthfsf] cg'udg lbuf]kgfsf] cg'udg c;/ pTkfbg a[l4 jhf/ kxF'r ,9'jfgL vr{df sdL Efgf{ b/, ljBfno 5f]8\g] b/, l;sfO b/ K|fltkmn sfof{Gjog ;8s, ljB't jf l;+rfO cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f K|flqmof sfof{Gjogsf ;dodf ul/g] nufgL tyf k|lqmofsf] cg'udg tyf rfn" d"Nof+sg ;fwgsf] pknAwtf Vfr{sf] l:ylt 7]Ssf nfu], gnfu]sf] nufgL

Why results? (Results chain with risk analysis) Assumptions Assumptions High risk Moderate risk Assumptions Low risk Process/ Activities Inputs Output Outcome Impact Structures (Irrigation canal) Resources Consultants Contract award Construction Increased agricultural production and farmers’ income Improved livelihood; Poverty reduction Decreasing management control Outputs What we achieve? Activities What we do? Inputs What we invest? Impact What they achieve? Outcome What they do?

Linkages between plan and projects - Agriculture National Plan Impact Poverty reduction Outcome Increased agricultural growth; food security Outputs Increased agriculture production/income Activities Cereal production Agriculture sector Increased agricultural income & fewer cereal imports More cereals produced Increased fertilizer and improved seeds use Crop Devt Program More cereals production Fertilizer and improved seeds available on time Farmers are aware to use these Project Improved seeds More improved seeds used for cereal crops Improved seeds available on time and close to farmers Farmers are aware… Delivery of improved seeds. Exten… of improved seeds message Fertilizer delivery More fertilizers used for cereal crops Fertilizer available on time &close to farmer Farmers are aware to use fertilizer Delivery of fertilizer Extension of fertilizer message

Linkages between plan and projects- Education NATIONAL LEVEL IMPACT Poverty reduction Higher growth OUTCOME Higher efficiency/ productivity OUTPUT Capable/competitive HR (higher lit./edu) ACTIVITIES Equitable access to quality education for all EDUCATION SECTOR Ten themes of SSR (edu inclusion) Tertiary education SCHOOL SECTOR PROGRAM OUTPUTS Teachers trained Classroom constructed Projects TEACHERS’ TRAINING Quality education for all Quality teachers In-service/Subject-specific training SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION Equitable access to education for all Edu inclusion School constructed Construction of blocks and toilets

13th plan- vision, objective/strategies Objective- Poverty reduction Graduating Nepal from LDCs to a developing country by 2022 GNI, HAI, EVI Objective- Poverty reduction Growth Infrastructure Social services Governance Inclusion Climate change adaptation Govt., Private cooperative sector Energy Roads Telecom Education Health Drinking water Local gov. Civil service Gender, social groups And Geographical intervention targeted/ mainstreamed Environment Access Quality Equity Governance

Results Framework in 13th plan- Education Indicators and MOV Responsible Assumption/Risk Indicators Baseline Target MOV Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Impact Outcome 1 - Access Output 1.1 Output 1.2 Outcome 2- Quality Output 2.1 Output 2.2 Outcome 3- Equity Outcome 4 Governance Programs/ projects SSRP EVENT TEVT

rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] ;dli6ut gtLhf vfsf ;f]rM :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfbpGd'v /fli6«o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;Da[4 g]kfnL . nIoM ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb}+ dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] . p4]ZoMpTkfbgzLn /f]huf/LpGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s a[l4åf/f b|'tultdf ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f qm=;+ Kf|d'v glthf If]qx? -c;/x?_ /0fgLltx? != pTkfbg a[l4 @= k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f #= dfgj ljsf; $= ;'zf;g ;Da4{g %= cGt/ ;DalGwt ljifo ! ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj / ljsf; √ @ pBf]u, ko{6g / ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf; # s[lif pTkfbg a[l4 / vfB ;'/Iff $ k|fs[lts :f|f]t Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{g % Jofkf/ / cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkg ^ ;fdflhs tyf dfgj ljsf; & phf{ ljsf; * Eff}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft / ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ( Kf|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ !) ;+3Lotf tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g !! Efjg, cfjf; / zx/L ljsf; !@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / Kf'gMlgdf{0f !# >d tyf /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg !$ lj1fg, ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw !% Zff;sLo If]q / ;'zf;g

!$ cf}+ of]hgfsf] ljifo If]qut glthf vfsf glthf ;"rsx? PsfO cfwf/ tYof+s nIo Kf'i6\ofO{+sf] ;|f]t lhDd]jf/ lgsfo cg'dfg tyf hf]lvdx? )&#/&$ )&$/&% )&%/&^ k|efj c;/ k|ltkmn k|d'v sfo{qmd cfof]hgf

Data sources- Census, surveys, NHDR, MISs, Freq. (Res.) Indicators/information Population Census 10 (CBS) Demographic data, Life expectancy at birth Agricultural Census Farm size, agri production/productivity NLSS 5-7 (CBS) Poverty figures, Gini, economic/social indicators NDHS 5 (DOH) MMR, Reproductive health Industrial Census 5 (CBS) Industrial and manufacturing data Crop/Livest..Survey 1-2 (CBS) Livestock population NLFS Employment statistics Annual Survey 1 (CBS) Survey-based information for national accounts NHDR 3 (NPC/UNDP) HDI, GDI, GEI disaggregated by gender, SG, districts MISs/Flash reports Trimester/Annual (LMs) Access, use and quality of service delivery, output indicators

g]kfndf glthfd"ns cg'udgsf cfwf/x? Logical Framework, M&E Plan, Procurement Plan PMAS, DPMAS, PETS k|=d=sfof{non] dGqfno:t/sf ;"rsx?sf] lgdf{0f Performance Based Budget Release System, PBIS Performance Contract, Technical Audit, /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g, @)&) t]x|f}+ / rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf glthfvfsf, lg=;]=P]g tyf lgoddjnLdf glthfd"ns jflif{s sf=tf= ;'zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnL nIo ;lxtsf] sf= / sf=;=

cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg;DaGwL kl5Nnf k|of;x? cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ljw]os sfg"g dGqfnodf /x]sf] . cfof]hgfsf] k|ult glthfd"ns / ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t /xL k|ltj]bg ug{ PPIS tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] . d"Nof+sg;DaGwL Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu tflndx? ;+rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] . cfGtl/s / t];|f] kIfåf/f s]xL cfof]hgfx?sf] d"NofÍg e}/x]sf] . t];|f] kIfaf6 d"Nof+sg u/fpg cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/Psf] . cfof]uaf6 ul/Psf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg j]j;fO6df /flvPsf] . Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf u7g ePsf] d"Nof+sg;DaGwL kmf]/dnfO{ ;xof]u ul/Psf] .

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf wf/f %$ cg'udg ;DaGwL Joj:yf l;4fGt, gLlt / bfloTjsf] k|ultzLn sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg / d"Nofs+g ug{ ;+3Lo ;+;bdf sfg"g adf]lhd Ps ;ldlt /xg] 5 . wf/f @(# ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] sfd sf/afxLsf] cg'udg k|ltlglw ;efsf ;ldltn] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ jfx]ssf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] k|ltj]bg nufotsf sfd sf/afxLsf] cg'udg / d"Nofs+g u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg jf /fo ;Nnfx lbg ;Sg]5 . wf/f @@)-&_ lhNnf ;efsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ -v_ ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{df ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;f] sf] cg'udg ug]{ .

#& cf}+ NDAC sf] lg0f{o cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b]xfoadf]lhd ug]{ -s_ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] cGo lgsfoaf6 ePsf] cg'udgsf] cg'udg ug]{ . -v_ dGqfno txdf ;DalGwt dfggLo dGqL / ;lrjn] g} k|d'v cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg ug]{ / :ynut ?kd} ;d:of ;dfwfg tyf cfjZos sfjf{xL u/L cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ . -u_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] gtLhfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sGf ug]{ . cfof]usf ;b:onfO{ s'g} Ps k|b]zsf] lhDdf lbO{ ;f] k|b]zdf /x]sf k|d'v cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt cg'udg ug{ nufpg] . o:tf] cg'udg cGo cfjZos lgsfo tyf lj1nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ ;+o'Qm ?kdf ug{ ;lsg] . -3_ dGqfnox?df /x]sf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg dxfzfvf tyf zfvfx?nfO{ ;fwg ;|f]t pknAw u/fO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ / ToxfF sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{df nufpg] .

#& cf}+ NDAC sf] lg0f{o=== -ª_ If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no tyf If]qLo :t/sf ljleGg lgb]{zgfnox?nfO{ cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udgdf ljz]if Wofg lbg lgb]{zg lbg] . -r_ cfof]hgf th{'df ubf{ cg'udg;DaGwL lqmofsnfk ;dfj]; ug]{ / o;nfO{ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgs} cleGg c+usf ?kdf cfTd;ft ug{ nufpg] . -5_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL -PPIS_ clgjfo{ ?kdf ;a} lgsfon] k|of]udf Nofpg] . -h_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sGf k|ltj]bgx? ;a} lgsfon] clgjfo{?kdf cfkm\gf] j]a;fO6df /fVg] / ;'emfjx? sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] . -em_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sGf ljw]osnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;+;bdf k]z ug{ kxn ug]{ .