Holding Procedures

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Overview What is a Hold? Holding Fixes Holding Clearances Holding Techniques Crosswind Correction Timing Correction Holding Speeds Entries © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. What is a Hold JIC 5-39 Method of delaying airborne aircraft to help maintain separation for smooth traffic flow When there are weather delays When traffic becomes congested At the end of published missed approaches Used to climb in a departure procedure Used at end of a flight plan if there is a loss of communications with ATC © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Standard Holding Pattern JIC 5-40 Racetrack shaped maneuver Typically consists of two 1-minute legs with standard rate turns in between them Above 14,000 feet, holds are flown at 1 ½ min legs Legs can be designated with longer time or a specific distance Standard – turns to the right Non-standard – turns to the left © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Holding Fix JIC 5-40 Over a VOR or NDB Over an intersection or DME fix Over a GPS waypoint On an airway On a localizer On a departure On an arrival On an approach © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Clearance IFH 10-11 Cardinal direction (“hold south of…”) Holding fix (“the Melbourne VOR”) Specified radial/course/airway (“on the 180 radial”) Leg Length (“2 mile legs” if DME hold) Left or right turns (“right turns” may be omitted) Specified altitude (if different from current) Expect Further Clearance (EFC) time © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Further Instructions IFH 10-11 ATC will issue further instructions if: A revised EFC is necessary Delay will be more than 1 hour Weather changes at destination © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Outbound and Inbound Timing JIC 5-41 The challenge is to make the inbound leg exactly 1 minute in length Do this by adjusting the outbound leg for wind If inbound leg is only 45 seconds, add the 15 seconds to the outbound leg New outbound leg becomes 1 minutes and 15 seconds © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Crosswind Corrections JIC 5-42 If you fail to adjust the hold for crosswind, you may overshoot the inbound course or undershoot it Therefore, you must adjust for crosswind Determine the correction needed to maintain your inbound leg Triple that correction for your outbound leg © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Maximum Holding Speeds JIC 5-44 Speed limits are mandatory to limit the amount of airspace that ATC must protect Minimum holding altitude: 6000’ 200 KIAS 6001’ to 14,000’ 230 KIAS Above 14,000’ 265 KIAS Start slowing to below maximum holding speed when within 3 minutes of the holding fix © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Entries JIC 5-46 No entry is required – you may use any entry you wish The following entries are recommended by the AIM The entries are: Direct Teardrop Parallel Feel free to change adjust as needed On the border of a teardrop and parallel, I always prefer teardrop © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Obj. Op. Turn (to the specified heading according to entry) Time (start you timing) Twist (turn the OBS selector to the inbound course) Throttle (if needed reduce power to conserve fuel) Talk (report entering the hold at time and altitude) Test (check the heading indicator to the compass) © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Determining the Entry JIC 5-46 Draw the fix, the radial and the direction of turns On outbound leg, 1/3 away from fix mark a point Draw line from fix to point, and line through course Determine your position from fix and where you fall in © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Direct Entry Procedure JIC 5-46 Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (c) Pass over the station and turn directly to follow the holding pattern © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Teardrop Procedure JIC 5-47 Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (b) Pass over the fix, turn 30º toward the holding side Fly for one minute Then turn in the direction of the holding pattern to intercept the inbound course © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. Parallel Procedure JIC 5-47 Approaching the holding fix from anywhere in sector (a) Pass over the fix and turn parallel the outbound course Fly outbound for 1 minute Turn in the direction of the holding pattern more than 180 degrees, and return to the holding fix or intercept the holding course inbound © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Practice You’re tracking to RIL VOR “Hold west of the Horst intersection on Victor 8, 5 mile Legs, left turns, expect further clearance at 1430.” What type of entry? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Practice You’re tracking to RIL VOR on V8 “Hold East of the RIFLE VOR on the 090 radial, expect further clearance at 1215.” What type of entry? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Holding Pattern Practice You’re tracking to RIL VOR on V8 “Hold East of the RIFLE VOR on the 090 radial, left turns, expect further clearance at 1215.” What type of entry? © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

Final Thoughts on Holding Obj. Op. Make sure you report established in the hold when you are established ATC will keep airspace protected until you report established After that, only a certain part of airspace is protected Protected Unprotected © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved. References JIC Jeppesen Instrument/Commercial: Guided Flight Discovery Obj. Op. Objective Opinion 14 CFR Federal Aviation Regulations IFH Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-15A) IPG Jeppesen Instrument Procedures Guide L-Chart No formal description in text, but found on L-Charts © 2015 Coast Flight Training. All Rights Reserved.