BIOL 204 - Lab 10

Objective 1 Organs of the Urinary System (2) Kidneys which manufacture urine (2) Ureters which transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder (1) Urinary bladder that stores urine prior to micturition (elimination) (1) Urethra that carries urine to the surface of the body

Objective 2 Kidney Anatomy The retroperitoneal kidneys are covered with three layers of connective tissue: 1. Renal Fascia (Outer) 2. Adipose Capsule 3. Renal Capsule (Inner)

Renal (fibrous) Capsule: inner layer; thin, transparent, dense irregular connective tissue covering which provides a strong barrier preventing the spread of infections to the kidney; has a minor role in protecting the kidney from physical trauma

Internally, the kidney is divided into a: Cortex: outer, granular appearing tissue Medulla: inner region made of renal pyramids Renal Pelvis: adjacent to the renal hilus

The Renal Capsule of a Human Kidney

Renal Columns: extensions of cortical tissue that lie between pyramids Renal papillae: tips of pyramids Major Calyx: portion of the urine collection system that drains several minor calyces Minor Calyx: portion of the urine collection system that drains one pyramid

                               Renal Hilus: Area where the renal artery, renal vein, ureter and nerves attach to the kidney

The Renal Artery and Its Branches Blood Supply The Renal Artery and Its Branches

Circulation to Nephrons

Objective 3 Nephrons Nephron; the functional unit of the kidney; it is a microscopic tubular structure that filters the blood and manufactures urine there are over 1 million nephrons per kidney

A Simplified View of A Nephron

Renal Corpuscle - Microscopic View

Glomeruli and Collecting Ducts

Collecting Duct and Brush Border

Classes of Nephrons Cortical: almost entirely located in the cortex; represent about 75- 85% of all nephrons; they produce urine Juxtamedullary located close to the cortical.medullary junction; the loops of Henle dip deeply into the pyramids of the medulla; they represent 15-25% of all nephrons; these nephrons make urine too but, additionally, they are important in the conservation of water

Cortex – Injected Vasculature

Arcuate Artery and Vein – Cross Section

Ureters/Urinary Bladder/Urethra

Objective 4 Cat Anatomy Female

Kidney, Ureter and Urinary Bladder

1. Renal Capsule 2. Renal Cortex 3. Renal Medulla 4. Renal Pyramid 5.                                                            1. Renal Capsule 2. Renal Cortex 3. Renal Medulla 4. Renal Pyramid 5. Renal Pelvis 6. Renal Column 7. Renal Calyx 8. Ureter

Renal Artery/Vein 5. Testes Ureter 6. Penis                                                  Kidney 4. Bladder Renal Artery/Vein 5. Testes Ureter 6. Penis

                                                Kidney 5. Ureter Uterine Horns 6. Ovary Body of the Uterus 7. Adrenal Glands Urinary Bladder

Kidney Dissection:

Renal Hilus Ureter

Renal Cortex Kidney Injected With Latex -red (arteries), blue (veins), yellow (urine)

Normal Human Kidney, Unfixed

Objective 5 Urinalysis Characteristics of Urine Test the Initial sample for: Color transparency pH presence of substances volume specific gravity sodium chloride concentration Test subsequent samples for: Variables: Water, salty chips, gatorade , mountain dew