MACROEVOLUTION Microevolution – focus on populations evolving MACROEVOLUTION – large geological evolutionary events and speciation Age of Earth and major evolutionary events Fossil record analysis Gradualism versus Punctuated Equilibrium Phyletic versus Divergent Speciation

Phylogeny and Tree of Life (ch26) Phylogeny – evolutionary history of species or group Systematics – discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining phylogeny * Binomial nomenclature * Hierarchical classification

Morphology and Biochemistry Before biochemical analysis evolutionary trees based on anatomy and physiology of organisms

Cladistics – classification based on common descent forms Cladograms – group organisms based on shared characteristics * Primitive or original characteristic = shared by all members of the group (of little value) * derived or advanced characteristics – characteristics unique to a group, usually more advanced features added to the primitive

Cladograms Introduction http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf

Try it – complete Cladogram Analysis

Answer

Try making your own – simple example

Notice common characters

Jars of Life! Goal: Create a table, Venn Diagram and cladogram for the specimens in the group.

Example – Phylogeny of Living Organisms

HW: CLADOGRAM PHYLOGENY - Invertebrate and Vertebrate Cladograms – try them, use textbook and define unknown terms

Phylogeny and Systemics LESSON 1 Phylogeny and Systemics

Example – Phylogeny of Living Organisms

Notice common characters

Which group circled depicts a complete evolutionary relationship with ancestors? 1. 2.

According to the cladogram, are crocodiles related more closely to snake and lizards or birds?

What common character do birds and crocodiles share? Lepidosauromorpha Archosauromorpha Diapsida

DNA! CROCODILE AND CHICKEN DNA IS MORE SIMILAR THAN CROCODILE AND SNAKE or CROCODILE AND LIZARD

Constructing a Cladogram 1. Sort homology from analogy

Try one- start with table that shows common characters

Try this one – it’s similar to your project

Answer the following guiding questions Which is the outlier? Which are least related? Which are the most closely related? Which are second most related? Now just piece the puzzle together!

Answer

EXAMPLE: Muscle protiens Actin and Myosin are proteins that cause muscle contractions in all animals Lots of additional proteins help support the muscle contraction process These supporting proteins vary in amino acid sequence from one species to another Can be used to determine rate of change and relationships

Your group will be producing a table like this one Your group will be producing a table like this one! It will show common characters (proteins) between fish species

Using DNA/RNA as evidence for evolutionary relationships. Having a BLAST! activity