NURSING THEORIES Dr. Aidah Alkaissi

The Environmental Theory Florence Nightingale The Environmental Theory

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale Emerged during the Crimean War, hence she’s called the “Lady with the Lamp”

Florence Nightingale Environmental Theory (mid-1800) Often considered the 1st nurse theorist; defined nursing more than 100 years ago, as the “act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” Despite the fact that she did not believe in the germ theory, her experiences in the Crimean war magnified تضخيم her interest in the principles of sanitation and the relationship between environment and health.

Florence Nightingale She linked health with five environmental factors Pure or fresh air Pure water Efficient drainage Cleanliness Light (especially direct sunlight)

Florence Nightingale Deficiencies in these five factors produced lack of health or illness. She believed that in the nurturing environment, the body could repair itself. Client’s environment is manipulated to include appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope.

The Nature of Nursing Model Virginia Henderson The Nature of Nursing Model

Virginia Henderson Henderson’s definition of the unique function of nursing was a major stepping stone in the emergence نشوء of nursing as a discipline separate from medicine.

Virginia Henderson She believed that the nurse was concerned with both healthy and ill individuals, acknowledged اعترف that nurses interact with clients even when recovery may not be feasibleمعقول

Virginia Henderson Mentioned the teaching advocacy roles of the nurses. Conceptualized the role of the nurses as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting the fourteen fundamental needs

THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS NORMAL BREATHING. Breathing normally FOOD. Eating and drinking adequately EXCRETION. Eliminating body wastes MOTION. Moving and maintaining a desirable position

THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS REST. Sleeping and resting CLOTHING. Selecting suitable clothes TEMPERATURE. Maintaining body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment CLEANLINESS. Keeping the body clean and well groomed to protect the skin

THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS SAFETY. Avoiding dangers in the environment and injuring others COMMUNICATION. Communicating with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears or opinions RELIGION. Worshipping according to one’s faithووفقا لعبادة الإيمان

THE FOURTEEN FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS ACCOMPLISHMENT. Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment RECREATION. Playing or participating in various forms of recreation LEARNING. Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and using available health facilities.

Theory of Unitary Human Beings Martha Rogers Theory of Unitary Human Beings

Martha Rogers According to Rogers, every individual is a unitary human being

Martha Rogers The UNITARY HUMAN BEING is an irreducible غير القابل للاختزال, four-dimensional energy field; the four dimensions being energy fields, openness, pattern and organization and dimensionality لانفتاح، ونمط , تنظيم والأبعاد interacts continuously and creatively with the environment is more than and different from the sum of its parts behaves as a totality participates creatively in change.

The human being is a four-dimensional energy field

Martha Rogers Nurses applying Rogers’s theory in practice should: Focus on the person’s wholeness Seek to promote symphonic interaction between the two energy fields (human and environment) to strengthen the coherence and integrity of the person. Coordinate the human field with the rhythmicities of the environmental fields Direct and redirect patterns of interaction between the two energy fields to promote maximum health potential

Sister Callista Roy The Adaptation Model

The Adaptation Model (1997) Sr. Callista Roy The Adaptation Model (1997)

Sr. Callista Roy Defines adaptation as “the process and outcome whereby the thinking and feeling person uses conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration” Viewed each person as a unified biopsychosocial system in constant interaction with the environment

Sr. Callista Roy The person is an adaptive system, employing a feedback cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control process) and output (behavior or adaptive response) All people have certain needs, categorized into Physiological Self-concept Role Function Interdependence

Sr. Callista Roy Need for nursing care arises when client cannot adapt to internal and external environmental demands The nurse determines what demands are causing problems for the client; assesses how well the client is adapting to them Nursing care, therefore, is directed at helping the client adapt

Self-care and Self-care Deficit Theory Dorothea Orem Self-care and Self-care Deficit Theory

Dorothea Orem Defined self-care as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well-being”

Dorothea Orem Self-care theory is based on four concepts: Self-care Self-care Agencyالرعاية الذاتية وكالة Self-care Requisitesمتطلبات الرعاية الذاتية Therapeutic Self-care Demandطلب

Dorothea Orem SELF-CARE Self-care refers to those activities an individual performs independently throughout life to promote and maintain personal well-being

Dorothea Orem SELF-CARE AGENCY Self-care agency is the individual’s ability to perform self care activities.

Dorothea Orem It consists of two agents: a self-care agent – an individual who performs self care independently a dependent care agent – a person other than the individual who provides the care (e.g. most adults care for themselves, whereas infants and people weakened by illness require assistance with self-care activities)

Dorothea Orem SELF-CARE REQUISITES Also called self care needs, self-care requisites are actions taken to provide self care.

Dorothea Orem THERAPEUTIC SELF-CARE DEMAND Therapeutic self-care demand refers to all self care activities required to meet existing self care requisites or actions to maintain health and well being.

THREE TYPES OF NURSING SYSTEMS Dorothea Orem THREE TYPES OF NURSING SYSTEMS Wholly compensatory systems are required for individuals who are unable to control and monitor their environment and process information. Partly compensatory systems are designed for individuals who are unable to perform some, but not all, self-care activities. Supportive-educative (developmental) systems are designed for persons who need assistance in decision-making, behavior control and acquisition of knowledge and skills