I. New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century II. Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 III. The Revolutions of 1848 IV. National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871 V. Ideology, Empire and the Balance of Power

I. New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century A. Liberalism Constitutional rights Franchise Free trade laissez-faire John Locke Ricardo (1772-1823) Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1819 Constitutions of Napoleonic period

I. New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century B. Conservatism Edmund Burke (1729-1797) Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790 Maintain traditional order Monarchy religious justification Louis de Bonald (1754-1840) Joseph de Maistre (1754-1821) Concert of Europe Prussia, Russia, Austria Christian mission (B. Conservatism) Socialism Social reform Universal male suffrage Utopians Robert Owen (1771-1858) New Lanark Later Louis Blanc (1811-1882) Karl Marx (1818-1883) Das Kapital (1867-1894) Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) Marx and Engels The Communist Manifesto, 1848 François-Noël Babeuf (1760-1797)

I. New Ideologies in the Early Nineteenth Century C. Nationalism Challenges minorities Allied with liberalism Friedrich List (1780-1846) D. Culture and Ideology Scientific Rationalism Positivism August Comte (1798-1857) Romanticism Literature Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) Mary Shelley Frankenstein, 1818 Victor Hugo (1802-1885) The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 1831 Les Misérables, 1862 Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) (D. Culture and Ideology) Music Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Ode to Joy Franz Schubert (1797-1828) Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) Peter Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) Sturm und Drang Johan Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803) nationalism Goethe Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805) Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) Polish nationalism Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855) The Books of the Polish Nation, 1832

II. Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 A. Liberal Revolts of 1820 in Spain and Portugal Spain Ferdinand VII (1809-1833) abdicated, 1909 restored, 1814 Joseph Bonaparte Liberal constitution 1820, Liberals take over defeated Isabella II (1833-1868) Portugal John (1816-1826) Constitutional monarchy Maria II (1826-1853)

II. Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 B. Greece Prince Alexander Ypsilantis (1792-1828) Revolt against Ottomans, 1821 George Lord Byron (1788-1824) Percy Shelley (1792-1863) Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863) The Massacre at Chios, 1824 Concert of Europe supports Greeks Navarino, 1827 Egyptian fleet destroyed Independence, 1833 Otto I (1833-1862) C. Russia Nicholas I (1825-1855) Decembrists suppressed

II. Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 D. 1830 Revolts France Ultraroyalists, 1815-1828 "White Terror", Bourbons Charles X (1824-1830) Economic crisis, 1829 July Ordinances turn back clock Demonstrations in Paris barricades Louis-Phillippe I (1830-1848) Belgium Congress of Vienna Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic joined William I, Dutch Belgian nationalists protest 1830, Liberals and Clericals join forces Demonstrations Independence recognized (D. 1830 Revolts) Poland Congress of Vienna Kingdom of Poland Tsar Alexander I (1815-1825) Nicholas (1825) Polish troops to Paris,1830 Revolt, 1830 Crushed

II. Ideological Encounters in Europe, 1815-1848 E. Britain Whigs v. Tories Great Reform Bill, 1832 Lord Grety Emancipation of Catholics, nonconformists, 1828-1829 Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847) MP, 1830 Corn Law of 1815 imports limited Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 1837 Robert Owen London Workingman's Association, 1837 People's Charter "Chartists"

III. The Revolutions of 1848 A. France Economic problems New National Assembly, 1848 Demonstrations in Paris Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (1808-1873) B. Germany Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 suppression of radicalism Berlin barricades, revolts Frederick William IV Calls assembly Universal male suffrage New constitution Frankfurt Parliament, 1848 Declaration of the Basic Rights of the German People, 1848 Constitution, 1849 Dead end

III. The Revolutions of 1848 C. Austria Ferdinand I (1835-1848) Constitutional assembly D. Hungary Nationalism Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894 E. Czechs Pan-Slav Congress, Prague, 1848 F. Italy Revolutions, 1848 Milan, Lombardy Giuseppe Mazzini Carbonari Young Italy, 1831 Charles Albert, Piedmont-Sardinia leader, 1848

IV. National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871 A. Italian Unification Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861) Count Camillio di Cavour (1810-1861) Prime Minister Diplomacy France, Piedmont defeat Austria, 1859 Napoleon III, Treaty of Turin, 1860 unification of most of Italy Kingdom of Two Sicilies Francis II, Bourbon Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) Red Shirts Sicily, 1860 Victor Emmanuel of Italy (1861-1878)

IV. National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871 B. German Unification National Union Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Prime Minister, 1862 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 North German Confederation 22 states Reichstag Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 Alsace-Lorraine German Empire established William I

IV. National Unification in Europe and America, 1848-1871 C. Unification in the United States 1787, Constitution Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) D. Eastern Europe Ethnic minorities Habsburg Empire 20 ethnic groups Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary concession to nationalism Ausgleich, 1867 Ferenc Deák (1803-1876)

V. Ideology, Empire and the Balance of Power A. Britain the United States and the Monroe Doctrine James Monroe (1817-1825) Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Balance of power, Western Hemisphere B. The Crimean War, 1853-1856 Russia occupies Moldavia, Wallachia Ottomans declare war Britain declares war Russia defeated Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Liberal reforms C. The German Empire and the Paris Commune, 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 Sedan, 1870 Napoleon III captured, exiled National Assembly forced to declare beginning of Third Republic, 1870 Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877) Armistice with Bismarck Elected president by Assembly