Surfactant treatments influence drying mechanics in human stratum corneum  G.K. German, E. Pashkovski, E.R. Dufresne  Journal of Biomechanics  Volume 46, Issue 13, Pages 2145-2151 (September 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of the substrate and perfusion chamber. Transmitted light (b) and fluorescence (c) image of a typical SC sample when equilibrated to 99% R.H. Journal of Biomechanics 2013 46, 2145-2151DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 (a) Average swollen SC sample radius, RWet of treated and reference SC samples after equilibration to 99% R.H. for 24h. The horizontal dashed line indicates the original size of each sample based on the hole punch geometry of R=3.0mm. (b) Mean drying strains, γr, for reference and treated SC samples. Averages are based on 2≤n≤6 (delamination of a number of delipidized tissue samples resulted in only two recorded measurements) samples for both figures. Error bars indicate standard deviations. Journal of Biomechanics 2013 46, 2145-2151DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 (a) Quiver plot of drying deformations in APG-treated SC overlaid on transmitted light image of SC sample equilibrated to 99% R.H. Deformations vary in the range 0≤|u|≤70μm. Displacements are stretched 1.5× to aid visualization. (b) Azimuthally averaged radial (ur, red dashed) and azimuthal (uθ, blue solid) displacements from deformation field in (a) plotted against dimensionless radial position r/RDry. Shaded regions surrounding the lines indicate the standard deviation about the mean. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Journal of Biomechanics 2013 46, 2145-2151DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Radial deformation profiles plotted against dimensionless radial position for (a) reference treated SC adhered to a E=130±9kPa substrate, (b) reference treated SC adhered to a E=38±4kPa substrate, (c) CMT treated SC adhered to a E=38kPa substrate and (d), (e), (f), and (g) SC treated with 5% aqueous solutions of SCG, SLES, CAPB and APG surfactants (60min) adhered to a E=38kPa substrate respectively. Each radial deformation profile represents an independent measurement from a single SC sample. Solid lines denote profiles for correctly oriented samples. Dashed lines represent samples oriented upside down on the substrate. Rescaled figures that allow more clear distinctions to be made between individual displacement profiles are provided in Supplemental Fig. S2. Journal of Biomechanics 2013 46, 2145-2151DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Extracted values of the mean elastic modulus ESC (a) and osmotic contractile drying stress P (b) for reference and treated SC. Error bars denote standard deviations originating from sample-to-sample variations. Journal of Biomechanics 2013 46, 2145-2151DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 (a) Mean (n=3) change in surface energy upon wetting of SC surface, γSV−γSL, for each treatment condition. Typical images for drops after deposition for 300s are shown above. (b) Fluorescence of pyranine stained SC samples illuminated with a UV lamp. (c) Background subtracted mean (n=3) fluorescent intensity of the inner RDry/2 region of SC samples illuminated with blue light (450–490nm). Error bars in figures denote standard deviations. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Journal of Biomechanics 2013 46, 2145-2151DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.07.003) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions