Residues from low-order energetic materials: The comparative performance of a range of sampling approaches prior to analysis by ion chromatography Katarzyna.

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Residues from low-order energetic materials: The comparative performance of a range of sampling approaches prior to analysis by ion chromatography Katarzyna Szomborg, Fleur Jongekrijg, Elizabeth Gilchrist, Tony Webb, Dan Wood, Leon Barron Forensic Science International Volume 233, Issue 1, Pages 55-62 (December 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.018 Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Overlaid chromatograms of the optimised unsuppressed IC separation of cationic LER species using an eluent of 1mM oxalate in 80:20 H2O:CH3CN (top) and representative ultrapure water extracts of each sample collection material/device examined. Forensic Science International 2013 233, 55-62DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.018) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Overlaid chromatograms of the optimised gradient suppressed IC separation of anionic LER species using an eluent of 5–40mM hydroxide (top) and representative ultrapure water extracts of each sample collection device/material examined. Forensic Science International 2013 233, 55-62DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.018) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Measured % recoveries of low explosives-related ions from glass (white bars) and uPVC (grey bars) using six sampling devices/materials (a)–(f). Error bars represent one standard deviation for n=4 replicates. Forensic Science International 2013 233, 55-62DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.018) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Measured % recoveries of low explosives-related ions from glass (white bars) and uPVC (grey bars) using direct liquid extraction from the surface into a 500μL ultrapure water droplet. Error bars represent one standard deviation for n=4 replicates. Forensic Science International 2013 233, 55-62DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.018) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 SEM micrographs of (a) Nomex®, (b) K145 adhesive tape and (c) Teflon sampling materials after LER collection from a spiked glass surface. White regions represent the model LER collected from the surface. Forensic Science International 2013 233, 55-62DOI: (10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.018) Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions