Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Recall Matter Atom Element Molecule Compound Pure Mixture

HOT (What if we used distilled water for drinking and irrigating plants???

KWL chart What is a mineral? Examples of minerals Chemical composition? State of matter? Organic or inorganic? How they form? How can we identify them? Are minerals pure or mixtures? Are they natural or synthetic?

Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? What do minerals have in common? Not all minerals are sparkling gems, but they all have certain characteristics in common. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6

What do minerals have in common? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What do minerals have in common? All minerals contain one or more elements, which are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Each element is made up of one kind of atom, the building block of matter. Stable particles that are made up of strongly bonded atoms are called molecules. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7

What do minerals have in common? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What do minerals have in common? A substance made up of molecules of two or more elements is called a compound. The chemical composition of a mineral is determined by the element or compound that makes up the mineral. A mineral composed of only one element is called a native element. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8

What do minerals have in common? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What do minerals have in common? In the mineral quartz, each silicon atom forms a bond with up to four oxygen atoms. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9

What do minerals have in common? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What do minerals have in common? Matter is anything that has mass and volume. Volume refers to the amount of space something takes up. All minerals are solid, meaning each has a definite volume and shape. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10

What do minerals have in common? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What do minerals have in common? All minerals are inorganic, which means they are not produced by living things or from the remains of living things. All minerals are naturally occurring. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11

What do minerals have in common? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What do minerals have in common? All minerals form crystals, which are solid geometric forms produced by a repeating pattern of atoms or molecules. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12

Checking of understanding: 1) Is iron a mineral? Is it pure or mixture? 2) HOT: Based on the definition of a mineral, do you think pearls are minerals? Explain your answer

Assessment / class graphic Organizer Each group write a description for each characteristic of minerals

Learning Objectives: (skills/knowledge/attitudes to learn/practice)   I can summarize three ways that minerals form.

Recall Characteristics of minerals

Essential question: How do minerals form?

Digital Lesson https://www- k6.thinkcentral.com/content/hsp/science /fusion/common/dlo_player/digital_lesso ns/na/G7_EC_91010- PU/index.html?type=teacher&grade=6

Think deep Why are some minerals such as gold and silver hard to find?

Activity cards Take pictures of the different types of formed minerals.

UAE connection Collect data about famous minerals in UAE

Crystal Clear! How are minerals formed? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Crystal Clear! How are minerals formed? The type of mineral that forms depends on the elements present in the area and the temperature and pressure. Many minerals form from magma, which is molten rock inside Earth. As magma cools, the atoms join together to form different minerals. Minerals also form from lava, which is molten rock that has reached Earth’s surface. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22

How are minerals formed? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals How are minerals formed? Many minerals form by metamorphism. High temperature and pressure within Earth cause new minerals to form as bonds between atoms break and reform with different atoms. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25

How are minerals formed? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals How are minerals formed? Minerals also form from solutions. Water usually has substances dissolved in it. As it evaporates, these substances form into solids and come out of solution, or precipitate. As hot water cools, dissolved substances may precipitate out of solution. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26

Exit slip: 1. How minerals at the top of the mountain become a part of a rock in the adjacent valley? Pegmatites have larger crystals than plutons. Explain why? 3. When a mineral can replace another mineral?

Sort It Out How are minerals classified? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Sort It Out How are minerals classified? Minerals are usually classified based on their chemical composition as silicate or nonsilicate minerals. Most common minerals are silicate minerals, containing a combination of silicon and oxygen. Most silicate minerals are formed from silicate tetrahedrons, each made of one silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28

How are minerals classified? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals How are minerals classified? Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not contain the silicate tetrahedron building block. Groups of nonsilicate minerals include native elements, halides, sulfates, carbonates, oxides, and sulfides. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29

Name That Mineral! What properties can be used to identify minerals? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Name That Mineral! What properties can be used to identify minerals? Color is helpful, but not the best way to identify a mineral. The color of the powdered form of a mineral is its streak, found by rubbing it against a white tile streak plate. The way a surface reflects light is called luster. Two major types of luster are metallic and nonmetallic. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30

What properties can be used to identify minerals? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What properties can be used to identify minerals? The tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces is called cleavage. A mineral with cleavage breaks along flat surfaces that generally run parallel to planes of weakness in the crystal structure. Minerals that don’t have cleavage will fracture, or break unevenly, along curved or jagged surfaces. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34

Cleavage vs. Fracture

What properties can be used to identify minerals? Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals What properties can be used to identify minerals? Density, which is the amount of matter in a given amount of space, can be used to tell many similar-looking minerals apart. A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called its hardness. Mineral hardness is compared using the Mohs hardness scale. A few minerals exhibit special properties such as magnetism. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 36

Mohs scale

Made from Minerals Many useful substances come from minerals. Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Made from Minerals Many useful substances come from minerals. The metal titanium comes from several minerals, including rutile. Titanium is very valuable because it resists corrosion and is as strong as steel, but is much lighter than steel. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 38

Unit 3 Lesson 1 Minerals Made from Minerals Titanium is used for surgical devices because it resists corrosion and has elasticity similar to human bone. Titanium dissipates heat, making it ideal for exhaust pipes. Titanium is also valued for its shiny metallic luster, so it has also been used in architectural designs. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 39