Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but

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Presentation transcript:

Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. גיאומטריים Conformation- Different arrangement of atoms resulting from bond rotation תזכורת: קונפורמרים: במקרה של eclipsed, staggered ובמקרה של היפוך כיסא-כיסא 3-סטריוכימיה

Constitutional Isomers Constitutional isomers differ in the way the atoms are connected. 3-סטריוכימיה

Cis–Trans Isomers Cis–trans isomers result from restricted rotation. Cyclic structures restrict rotation. Cis: The substituents are on the same side of the ring. Trans: The substituents are on opposite sides of the ring. 3-סטריוכימיה

איזומרים שאלה : א. מה היחס בין 1 ל- 2 ב. מה היחס בין 2 ל- 3. שאלה : א. מה היחס בין 1 ל- 2 ב. מה היחס בין 2 ל- 3. תשובה: א. איזומרים גיאומטריים ב. איזומרים מבניים 3-סטריוכימיה

כיראליות Some objects are not the same as their mirror images (technically, they have no plane of symmetry)A right-hand glove is different from a left-hand glove. The property is commonly called “handedness” 3-סטריוכימיה

Chiral and Achiral Objects 3-סטריוכימיה

מישור סימטריה A laboratory flask has a plane of symmetry One half of the flask is a mirror image of the other half. A hand does not have a plane of symmetry One half of the hand is not a mirror image of the other half. אם עצם מכיל מישור סימטריה, אזי תמונת הראי שלו חופפת 3-סטריוכימיה

Chiral Molecules An asymmetric center is an atom that is attached to מולקולה בעלת מרכז כיראלי אחד , היא מולקולה כיראלית An asymmetric center is an atom that is attached to four different groups. מרכז כיראלי מרכז כיראלי: אטום טטרא-הידראלי הקשור ל- 4 קבוצות שונות. 3-סטריוכימיה

Compounds with an Asymmetric Center 3-סטריוכימיה

Enantiomers The two isomers are called enantiomers. Enantiomers: From the Greek enantio, meaning “opposite” Stereoisomers in which molecules are not identical to their mirror images The two isomers are called enantiomers. Enantiomers are different compounds: they can be separated. Enantiomers have the same physical and chemical properties. 3-סטריוכימיה

Enantiomers are nonsuperimposable mirror images. 3-סטריוכימיה

אננטיומרים Chiral From the Greek cheir meaning “hand” Molecules that are not identical to their mirror images, and thus exist in two enantiomeric forms A molecule is not chiral if it has a plane of symmetry Plane of symmetry A plane that cuts through the middle of an object (or molecule) so that one half of the object is a mirror image of the other half A 50:50 mixture of two chiral compounds that are mirror images– called a racemic mixture 3-סטריוכימיה

Chiral and Achiral Molecules Chiral compounds have nonsuperimposable mirror images. Achiral compounds have superimposable mirror images (they are identical molecules). 3-סטריוכימיה

מולקולה לא כיראלית Achiral: a molecule that has a plane of symmetry in any of its possible conformations must be identical to its mirror image Propanoic acid, CH3CH2CO2H Has a plane of symmetry and so must be achiral 3-סטריוכימיה

מולקולה כיראלית Lactic Acid: has no plane of symmetry in any conformation and is chiral 3-סטריוכימיה

תרגיל-קביעת כיראליות שאלה: מי מהתרכובות הבאות איננה כיראלית. תשובה: ב- 1 יש מישור סימטריה, לא כיראלית הערה: קשר כפול הוא מישורי, ומכיל מישור סימטריה, אין לו מרכזים כיראליים, התרכובת איננה כיראלית. 3-סטריוכימיה

How to Draw Enantiomers Perspective formulas Fischer projections 3-סטריוכימיה

Fischer Projection A Fischer projection can only be rotated 180° in the plane of the paper to yield the same molecule 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers: Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Configuration:The three-dimensional arrangement of substituents at a chirality center Sequence rules to specify the configuration of a chirality center: Look at the four atoms directly attached to the chirality center and assign priorities in order of decreasing atomic number The atom with the highest atomic number is ranked first; the atom with the lowest atomic number (usually hydrogen) is ranked fourth Heavier isotopes of the same element rank higher than the lighter isotopes 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers If a decision cannot be reached by ranking the first atoms in the substituents, look at the second, third, or fourth atoms outward until a difference is found 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers Multiple-bonded atoms are equivalent to the same number of single-bonded atoms 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers Assign relative priorities to the four groups. 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers draw an arrow from 1 to 2 to 3 if the lowest priority group is on a hatched wedge, then clockwise = R and counterclockwise = S 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers אם קבוצה 4 לא נמצאת על הקו המקווקו, מבצעים החלפה, כך שקבוצה 4 תהיה על הקו המקווקו, ואז הופכים את הקונפיגורציה המתקבלת If the lowest priority group is not on a hatched wedge, switch a pair so it is on a hatched wedge. Then, name the new compound. 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers if the lowest priority group is on a vertical bond, then clockwise = R and counterclockwise = S 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Enantiomers if the lowest priority group is on a horizontal bond, then counterclockwise = R and clockwise = S 3-סטריוכימיה

תרגיל-קביעת R,S 3-סטריוכימיה

Plane-Polarized Light 3-סטריוכימיה

An Achiral Compound is Optically Inactive An achiral compound does not rotate the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light. 3-סטריוכימיה

A Chiral Compound is Optically Active A chiral compound rotates the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light. If it rotates the plane clockwise = (+) If it rotates the place counterclockwise = (–) 3-סטריוכימיה

R and S Versus (+) and (–) Some R enantiomers are (+) and some are (–). Some S enantiomers are (+) and some are (–). 3-סטריוכימיה

A Polarimeter 3-סטריוכימיה

אלפא ספציפי T is the temp in °C  is the wavelength To have a basis for comparison, define specific rotation, []D for an optically active compound The observed rotation (α) T is the temp in °C  is the wavelength  is the measured rotation in degrees l is the path length in decimeters c is the concentration in grams per mL Specific rotation is that observed for 1 g/mL in solution in cell with a 10 cm path using light from sodium metal vapor (589 nm, D-line) 3-סטריוכימיה

If One Enantiomer Is (+), the Other Is (–) אין תלות בין סימן אלפא ספציפי + או – לבין הקונפיגורציה R או S לתרכובת לא כיראלית, ל- מזו ( לא כיראלי) ו- לתערובת רצמית, אלפא ספציפי שווה לאפס 3-סטריוכימיה

Compounds with Two Asymmetric Centers maximum # of stereoisomers = 2n (n = # of asymmetric centers) 1 and 2 are enantiomers. 3 and 4 are enantiomers. 3-סטריוכימיה

Diastereomers 1 and 2 are enantiomers. 3 and 4 are enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. 1 and 3 are diastereomers. 2 and 3 are diastereomers. 1 and 4 are diastereomers. 2 and 4 are diastereomers. Diastereomers have different physical and chemical properties. 3-סטריוכימיה

Perspective Formulas of the Four Stereoisomers 3-סטריוכימיה

Two Asymmetric Centers, Four Stereoisomers The cis stereoisomers are a pair of enantiomers. The trans stereoisomers are a pair of enantiomers. 3-סטריוכימיה

Identifying an Asymmetric Center An asymmetric center is attached to four different groups. two asymmetric centers, four stereoisomers 3-סטריוכימיה

מרכזים כיראליים וכיראליות אין מרכזים כיראליים, יש מישור סימטריה, התרכובת לא כיראלית יש מרכז כיראלי אחד, אין מישור סימטריה, התרכובת כיראלית 3-סטריוכימיה

מרכזים כיראליים Note: Carbons in –CH2, –CH3, C=O, C=C, and C≡C groups cannot be chirality centers אם יש במולקולה מרכז כיראלי אחד, המולקולה כיראלית. אם יש יותר ממרכז כיראלי אחד,יש לבדוק אם המולקולה מכילה מישור סימטריה, אם יש מישור סימטריה המולקולה לא כיראלית. 3-סטריוכימיה

No Asymmetric Centers There are only two stereoisomers: cis and trans. 3-סטריוכימיה

No Asymmetric Centers There are only two stereoisomers: cis and trans. 3-סטריוכימיה

Two Asymmetric Centers: Three Stereoisomers (a meso compound and a pair of enantiomers) 3-סטריוכימיה

Superimposable Mirror Image A Meso Compound Has a Superimposable Mirror Image Meso compounds are optically inactive even though they have asymmetric centers. 3-סטריוכימיה

A Meso Compound Has a Plane of Symmetry 3-סטריוכימיה

A Meso Compound A compound with two asymmetric centers that have the same four groups bonded to each asymmetric center will have three stereoisomers: a meso compound and a pair of enantiomers. 3-סטריוכימיה

A Meso Compound For cyclic compounds with the same substituent bonded to two asymmetric centers, cis = a meso compound and trans = a pair of enantiomers. 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Stereoisomers 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Stereoisomers 3-סטריוכימיה

Naming Stereoisomers 3-סטריוכימיה

Physical Properties of Stereoisomers 3-סטריוכימיה

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Can Be Asymmetric Centers 3-סטריוכימיה

Amine Inversion If one of the four groups attached to N is a lone pair, because they interconvert as a result of amine inversion. 3-סטריוכימיה

חומצות אמינו וסוכרים 3-סטריוכימיה

Resolution of a Racemic Mixture בניגוד ל- אננטיומרים שיש להם תכונות פיזיקליות וכימיות זהות, התכונות הכימיות והפיזיקליות של דיאסטריומרים שונות, ולכן ניתן להפרידם בקלות 3-סטריוכימיה

The Stereospecificity of an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction Allows Enantiomers to Be Separated 3-סטריוכימיה

Enzymes and Receptors are Chiral Later we will see that an enzyme reacts with only one enantiomer. A chiral molecule binds only one of a pair of enantiomers. A right-handed glove fits only a right hand. 3-סטריוכימיה

A Receptor Binds One Enantiomer קימל 3-סטריוכימיה

מחלת וילסון-העשרה (S)-Penicillamine תרופה למחלה, מחלת וילסון היא מחלה תורשתית שמאופיינת בהצטברות נחושת ברקמות בגוף, בעיקר בכבד, במוח ובכליות. הצטברות בכבד עשויה לגרום להתנמקות, הצטלקות ואף לשחמת הכבד ואילו הצטברות במוח עלולה לגרום לנזק מוחי. אחד מתסמיני המחלה הן טבעות קייזר-פליישר: הצטברות משקעי נחושת ברקמות העיניים המופיעים כטבעות זהובות על הקרניות. ‏‏ (S)-Penicillamine תרופה למחלה, (R)-Penicillamine גורם לעיוורון In Wilson's disease, a rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism, penicillamine treatment relies on its binding to accumulated copper and elimination through urine. 3-סטריוכימיה