International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy Towards a Coherent Sustainability Framework for Bioenergy: The BiomassPolicies Approach Uwe R. Fritsche Scientific Director, IINAS International Institute for Sustainability Analysis and Strategy presented at the BIOMASS POLICIES WORKSHOP “SUSTAINABILITY” AND “MOBILISATION” Brussels, May 14, 2014

Context: Many Projects and Studies Global Assessments and Guidelines for Sustainable Liquid Biofuel Production in Developing Countries (FAO/UNEP/UNIDO) Indicators for Sustainable Bioenergy http://www.globalbioenergy.org Sustainability of certified wood bioenergy feedstock supply chains: Ecological, operational and international policy perspectives. IEA Bio Tasks 40 + 43 Joint Workshops on extending the RED to forest bioenergy www.iinas.org/redex.html Sustainable bioenergy in EU28 www.biomasspolicies.eu Resource-efficient bioeconomy in Europe www.s2biom.eu Supporting a Sustainable European Bioenergy Trade Strategy (IEE)

IINAS Work on Sustainable Bioenergy Contribute to extending the RED criteria to all bioenergy (Joint Workshop series with JRC, EEA etc.), current focus on C balance of forest bioenergy Define criteria/indicators for sustainable bioeconomy (EU BiomassPolicies, S2Biom) International (transatlantic) discussion through IEA Bioenergy Tasks 40 + 43, UNEP, FAO… GBEP: testing the sustainability indicators for bioenergy (national level), possible revision Higher GHG targets: 1) achievable, 2) needed for high decarbonisation scenarios

Sustainability: Beyond Biofuels 2nd generation biofuels and biorefineries will use lignocellulosic feedstocks: role of solid biomass especially from forests + SRC Bioheat, co-firing + biomaterials increase Biomass providers do not know “in advance” for what their feedstock will be used Coherent sustainability requirements for all bioenergy (electricity, heat, transport) and biomaterials, biorefineries etc. needed Key conclusions and recommendations: 1 min

Bioenergy: Global Commodity Solid Bioenergy Trade to EU28

Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) founded in 2005 at G8 Gleneagles Summit currently 36 Partners (23 governments – 13 organizations) + 32 Observers (22 governments – 11 organizations), secretariat hosted by FAO in Rome only global forum to work & “agree” on sustainable bioenergy

GBEP & Sustainable Bioenergy For more information see www.globalbioenergy.org contact to GBEP: GBEP-Secretariat@fao.org

24 Sustainability Indicators agreed by all GBEP partners Indicators set out under three pillars and relevant themes were identified under each pillar.

Sustainable Biomass… Key Criteria (preliminary list): Resource efficiency: make the most out of limited resource land (>100 GJ/ha), residues (> 60%) GHG emissions, incl. those from iLUC (agricultural crops, incl. SRC) + C stock changes (for forest bioenergy and straw) Biodiversity: protect high-biodiverse areas, sustainable management practice (all cultivation systems, incl. forestry) Air emissions, water and soil impacts Food, fuelwood & land tenure security (Rural) employment & income, energy security/diversity

Bioenergy Sustainability Schemes No existing scheme covers all sustainability aspects Various schemes with different objectives, many overlaps; most advanced: RSB and ISCC+, but still issues open (C stock changes, land tenure…) Many stakeholders ask for binding criteria... ...but no EC proposal on extending sustainability criteria to solid/gaseous bioenergy  post-2020? scheme: no GHG/res.eff. requirements...yet.

EU RED Extension? Proposal for criteria and indicators to extend the RED sustainability criteria to woody biomass (EU BiomassFutures + Crops2Energy projects) Joint Workshops (2011-2013) with JRC, EEA and Member States (DE, NL, SE) www.iinas.org/redex.html (Outcome doc) Current work on C balance of forest bioenergy: workshops July (Arona) + December (Copenhagen) 2013 with IEA Bioenergy, EEA and JRC in May 2014 in CPH

C Balance of Forest Bioenergy Models and simplified approaches give 10-20 years of payback time for forest residues = nearly carbon neutral Forest baseline (what happens If not bioenergy?) and fossil reference: significant influence Differentiation: Type of forest biome (boreal, temperate, tropic) Type of forest product (residues, thinnings, low- or high quality stemwood)

Time horizon for CO2 emission reduction C Balance and C Debt Woody biomass source for energy use Time horizon for CO2 emission reduction Short (10 years) Medium (50 years) Long (centuries) Coal gas coal Boreal, stems final harvest --- - - - + Temperate, stems final harvest +/- ++ Harvest residues + thinnings, landscape care & salvage wood* SRC on marginal agricultural land +++ SRC replacing forest industrial residues, wastes -; --; ---: bioenergy system emits more CO2eq than reference fossil system in given time frame +/-: GHG emissions of bioenergy and fossil are comparable in given time frame +; ++; +++: bioenergy system emits less CO2eq than reference fossil system in given time frame *For residues, thinnings & salvage wood: depending on alternative use (burning) and decay ratesS Source: own compilation based on JRC (2013)

Forest Bioenergy C Balances Feedstock is relevant: where from, and which forest products (especially for imports) Waste and woody residues: good, but possible biodiversity and displacement effects (better analysis!) Which metrics: no agreement yet BiomassPolicies to improve GHG accounting beyond RED: time-dependent C balances for forest bioenergy, iLUC for agricultural land use; and considering biodiversity & social effects

Some Conclusions Discussion on sustainability “beyond biofuels” is getting stronger (biorefineries, biomaterials…) Global impacts from (increasing) bioenergy trade: consider views from exporting countries in stakeholder dialogue Address social effects (positive and negative) Consider energy security (as diversity) You are invited to contribute!

More Information www.iinas.org Contact: uf@iinas.org 16