Bellringer: 10/20 and 10/21 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Take 5 minutes to review for your World Religions quiz on Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

After your quiz… 1. Turn your quiz into the class drawer. 2. Update your ToC: Page 33: Notes – Classical China (Qin + Han Empires) Page 34: Quiz – World Religions 3. Write down your HW: Read pages 72-78 (stop at “Qin Empire” section) in your DUIKER textbook and take notes.

Classical China: Qin & Han Dynasties

Timeline of Classical China Shang: 1766 - 1122 BCE Zhou: 1029 - 258 BCE Era of Warring States: 402 BCE - 201 BCE Qin: 221 - 202 BCE Han: 202 BCE - 220 CE

Timeline of Classical China Shang: 1766 - 1122 BCE Zhou: 1029 - 258 BCE Era of Warring States: 402 BCE - 201 BCE Qin: 221 - 202 BCE Han: 202 BCE - 220 CE

Recap: What does the dynastic cycle look like? New family establishes dynasty (new institutions, economy) Dynasty weakens Rebellions against that dynasty (can be internal or external) New dynasty emerges

Mandate of Heaven Belief that the gods give their blessing to a specific family in China that is meant to establish a dynasty and rule the region How is the mandate lost? Emperors = considered “Sons of Heaven”

Period of Warring States 402 BCE - 201 BCE Competing interests of landowners and elites cause political turmoil Period of a lot of civil war Landowners raise own military - origins of regional warlords No political unity - China is exceptionally weak Cultural innovations survive Results in new philosophies

Dynasties in China Qin Dynasty

Qin China Vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bZXxGv52t8

Qin Dynasty: Main Ideas Emerges out of end of Zhou Dynasty/Period of Warring States Founder: Shi Huangdi (“First Emperor”) Goals: Unify and expand China Restore order

Qin: Social Primogeniture eliminated Primogeniture = practice of having eldest son inherit all property and land Social class = less hereditary and less important Nobles must leave land and live in Emperor’s court Does this because the emperor is paranoid!

Qin: Political Emperor rules via autocracy (ruler has all the power) and force Uses force to establish/keep control “Strengthening the trunk by weakening the branches”  weakens power of the bureaucracy, noble families in China Political achievements: National census Single law code

Qin: Interactions Army gets larger Expanded territory of China Why? To crush rivals and regional rebellions Expanded territory of China Takes land in Hong Kong, Vietnam

Qin: Cultural Legalism promoted over Confucianism Shi Huangdi is focused on maintaining control and keeping power = Legalism supports this more then Confucianism Architectural: Starts construction of Great Wall; Terracotta Soldiers/Tomb of Shi Huangdi Uniform written language Banned books

Qin: Economics Introduced standard currency (weights and measures) Forced labor for construction projects (i.e. roads, Great Wall) Extremely high taxes Sponsored agricultural projects (irrigation) and manufacturing of silk

Why did the Qin Dynasty Fall? (write under Political) Shi Huangdi = too paranoid to rule for long Extremely paranoid; killed off suspected enemies (nobles, intellectuals, warlords) Desire to control EVERYTHING High taxes, forced labor Shi Huangdi dies in 210 BCE; followed by 8 years of peasant revolts to determine successor - winner establishes Han Dynasty

Dynasties in China Han Dynasty

Han China Vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS7pKZJ3zPs

Han Dynasty: Main Ideas Han dynasty = “Golden Age” of Chinese civilization Period of prosperity and stability Strengthened gov’t, expanded borders Bureaucracy, not autocracy Achievements: Silk Road trade begins New inventions (paper, pulley, ox-drawn plows, collar) ***Most Chinese today call themselves Han people The Han dynasty: (202-B.C.E. – 220 C.E.) – Followed the Qin dynasty (Chinese considered themselves - “People of the Han” Era generally characterized by stability, prosperity, and peace. Contemporary often compared to the Roman Empire. Han Rulers strengthened Chin’s government, expanded China’s borders and Influenced and opened up the Silk Road, a major trade route that would link China and the west for centuries.

Han: Social Confucianism over Legalism Emphasis on family/gender roles Filial piety (honoring one’s father/male elders) More emphasis on social class than the Qin Large divides between classes Upper class controls most of the land but are only a small percent of the population (2%) Social class = hereditary It is hard to move from one class to the other Serious gaps developed between upper class, which controlled large landed estates, and the masses, farmer-peasants who produced only what they needed to survive. Because of this division, literacy was confined mostly to the elite. Population was made up of land owners (2 percent of the population) and peasants who served them. In the southern rice region, property was owned and regular by the village or extended family rather than individuals. Beneath the peasantry, there was a group of “mean” people who performed rough transport and other unskilled jobs. Social status was passed from one generation to the next. In some cases, talented individuals from peasantry might be given access to education and rise within bureaucracy.

Han: Political Power of bureaucracy and noble families strengthened = emperor has less power than during Qin Lowered taxes (but still relatively high) Civil service exam = really important Social class + civil service determines if you can serve in the gov’t Emphasized importance of creating a large, highly skilled bureaucracy. (130,000 bureaucrats) Han Wudi established exams for his bureaucrats, the first civil service exam. He established a school to train men of exceptional talent and ability for the national exams. (Confucianism) Individuals from lower ranks were occasionally recruited. Han bureaucratic system lasted until 20th century.

Han: Interactions Interactions deal mostly with trade (i.e. start of Silk Road trade) Trade routes connect China to India, the Middle East, etc. Han = expands into more territory Means more interaction with other peoples – “encourages” assimilation of these peoples into Han culture Food exchange between the wheat and rice growing regions. Copper coins began to circulate. Trade routes did lead to India and Middle East, but most Chinese were ethnocentric. Chinese had no need or desire to learn from other societies. Enforced peace throughout continent of Asia. Embraced more territory.

Han: Cultural Confucianism over Legalism Interested in art and literature (poems, paintings) Classic of Songs – 300 poems about values important to Han China (love, family, politics) Famous authors = Sima Qian, Ban Biao Calendar based on 365 days created Astronomy (noted the movement of planets) BIG 3: Paper, ox-drawn plow, wheelbarrow invented Confucianism blended with literature and art among upper classes. Five Classics written during Zhou dynasty merged with Confucius doctrine to provide basis for civil service exams. Classic of Songs – 300 poems about love, joy, politics, and family Calligraphy, bronze, pottery, carved jade and ivory, silk screens. Chinese astronomers developed calendar based on year of 365.5 days. Later astronomers calculated movement of planets. Scientists invented a type of seismograph to register earthquakes during Han Dynasty. Developed anatomical knowledge and studied principles of hygiene that promoted long life. Ox-drawn plows introduced 300 B.C.E. Under the Han, a new collar was invented to improve farming. Iron mining improved with invention of pulleys and winding gear. Production methods in textiles and pottery were highly developed. Under the Han, the first water-powered mills were introduced. Also under the Han, paper was invented improving system of government and bureaucracy.

Han: Economics Agriculture and trade = help fuel economy Trade and production are focused on getting/making luxury goods for upper class Means there is an artisan class Trade became more important during Zhou and Han dynasties. Focused on luxury items for upper class. Produced by artisans in the cities – silks, jewelry, leather goods, and furniture.

The Fall of the Han Social inequality runs rampant in Han China Wealthy classes lived in luxury while peasants worked under difficult conditions. Land is not distributed evenly Banditry and rebellions organized by desperate peasants hurt Han gov’t Internal weakness eventually brought an end to the Han.