The Unification of China Chapter 8 The Unification of China ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Unification of China Qin dynasty develops, fourth to third centuries B.C.E. Generous land grants under Shang Yang Private farmers decrease power of large landholders Increasing centralization of power Improved military technology ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) founds new dynasty as “First Emperor” Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy Massive public works begun Precursor to Great Wall ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

China Under the Qin Dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Resistance to Qin Policies Emperor orders execution of all critics Orders burning of all ideological works Some 460 scholars buried alive Others exiled Massive cultural losses ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Qin Centralization Standardized: Laws Currencies Weights and measures Script Previously: single language written in distinct scripts Building of roads, bridges ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Massive Tomb Projects Built by 700,000 workers Slaves, concubines, and craftsmen sacrificed and buried Excavated in 1974, 15,000 terra-cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, and weapons unearthed ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tomb of the First Emperor ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Han Dynasty Civil disorder brings down Qin dynasty in 207 B.C.E. Liu Bang forms new dynasty: the Han (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Former Han (206 B.C.E.-9 C.E.) Interruption 9-23 C.E. Later Han (25-220 C.E.) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Early Han Policies Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy Created large landholdings But maintained control over administrative regions After failed rebellion, took more central control ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Han Centralization The “Martial Emperor”: Han Wudi (141-87 B.C.E.) Increased taxes to fund more public works Huge demand for government officials, decline since Qin persecution ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Confucian Educational System Han Wudi establishes an imperial university in 124 B.C.E. Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy Adopted Confucianism as official course of study 3000 students by end of Former Han, 30,000 by end of Later Han ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Han Imperial Expansion Invasions of Vietnam, Korea Constant attacks from Xiongnu Nomads from central Asia Horsemen Brutal: Maodun (210-174 B.C.E.), had soldiers murder his wife, father Han Wudi briefly dominates Xiongnu ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

East Asia and Central Asia at the Time of Han Wudi, ca. 87 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Patriarchal Social Order Classic of Filial Piety Subordination to elder males Lessons for Women Ban Zhao (45-120 C.E.) Education should be available to all children ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Iron Metallurgy Expansion of iron manufacture Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely made from iron Increased food production Superior weaponry ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Other Technological Developments Cultivation of silkworms Breeding Diet control Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms Development of paper Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of wood and textile-based paper Crossbow trigger, horse collar, ship rudder ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Economic and Social Difficulties Expenses of military expeditions, especially against Xiongnu Taxes increasing Arbitrary property confiscations rise Increasing gap between rich and poor Slavery, tenant farming increase Banditry, rebellion ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Reign of Wang Mang (9-23 C.E.) Wang Mang regent for two-year old emperor, 6 C.E. Takes power himself 9 C.E. Introduces massive reforms The “socialist emperor” Land redistribution, but poorly handled Social chaos ends in his assassination, 23 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Later Han Dynasty Han dynasty emperors manage, with difficulty, to reassert control Yellow Turban uprising, land distribution problems Internal court intrigue Weakened Han dynasty collapses by 220 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.