Bringing gender into Transport and ICT: from analysis to operations

Why gender in transport? Gender inequality is a development issue No society can develop sustainably without providing access to opportunities, services and resources to women and men (WB Gender Strategy) Gender Strategy 4 pillars: a) improving human endowments, b) enhancing access to economic opportunities, c) closing gaps in ownership and asset control, d) enhancing women’s voice and agency Role of Transport sector Affordable, reliable and quality transport is an enabler for women to access more and better jobs and services. Sector can be an important source of employment for women

Gender tag

MOBILITY PATTERNS, MODES OF TRANSPORTATION AND MOTIVES Gender in transport MOBILITY PATTERNS, MODES OF TRANSPORTATION AND MOTIVES Urban Women more reliance on public transport Women more likely to walk than men Travel shorter distances, closer to home, multipurpose trips, slower spped Sexual harassment Rural Travel by foot/ head-loading Infrequent and unreliable public transport Lack of accessible roads and poor pathway conditions Culturally mobility constrained Gender blind projects Study in Argentina Bigger transport burden

Gender in transport Source: Thomas Reuters Foundation (2015)/ (1 indicates the most dangerous and 16 is least dangerous).

Gender entry points for transport (some examples) Urban Collect sex disaggregated data on mobility patterns (trip purpose by mode) Gender informed environmental design Strategies to address sexual harassment in public transport (segregation vs community participation) Establish public transport schedules and pricing systems that respond to the needs of women users Rural Collect sex disaggregated data Invest in feeder roads, footpaths, and footbridges where needed Prioritize NMTs and IMTs in transport planning and design Employ women in road rehabilitation and maintenance (trip purpose by mode) Design public transport infrastructure with gender-responsive physical design features as contextually appropriate, which meet women’s specific needs and promote universal access. Transport schedules: including affordable off-peak, multiple trip, and group traveler ticketing Prioritize NMTs and IMTs in transport planning and design IMTs to fit women’s size and strength, and train women on how to operate, maintain, and repair IMTs. ¾¾Where socially acceptable, consider provision of bicycles for improving women’s mobility and making it easier for girls to safely reach and attend school with reduced risk of gender-based violence en route.

Main challenge: lack of evidence What works and what doesn’t? Segregated cars vs changing norms? Providing/promoting IMT or employing women in rural roads? Unintended effects derived from social norms? Are we increasing accessibility in poor rural areas where women and men only walk? What are the barriers to women’s mobility related to gender norms? How can we measure “changing norms” at the project level? Can we calculate the cost of harassment to have more leverage on transport operators and employers?

Communication campaigns Building evidence: pilot project to evaluate a strategy to address sexual harassment in Mexico City 65% of women in Mexico City are victims of sexual harassment in public transport (but not only a problem in Mexico) Trainings For bus drivers: on non confrontational strategies to intervene, based on the tailored version of a tested training in Washington DC. Facilitated by a local NGO Driver’s creating their own Protocol Empowering participatory process For police: On gender informed response mechanisms Facilitated by the local Ministry of Women Ease in reporting Developing a mechanism that makes reporting easy and reliable Use of technology: buses equipped with wifi Mobile application Allowed for reporting harassment happening to others Allowed for asking friends and drivers for help Allowed for receiving orientation and response from the police Communication campaigns Using a colloquial slogan that invited people to intervene (Hazme el Paro!) Provided tested non confrontational strategies to intervene (eg. giving the seat to the victim, reporting, offering help to the victim) Changing cultural misconceptions: “women are asking to be harassed”

Quasi-experimental Design Building evidence: pilot project to evaluate a strategy to address sexual harassment in Mexico City Quasi-experimental Design Treatment bus route (Revólucion) chosen purposively Long enough to accommodate length of survey Traverse diverse neighborhoods to include diverse group of people Bus company willing to partner Control bus route (Periférico) subsequently matched Comparable in length, neighborhood, population Traverse in an opposite direction (from about the same point of origin) to minimize contamination

Building evidence: pilot project to evaluate a strategy to address sexual harassment in Mexico City An intervention where IE showed some behavioral change Increased awareness of transport users on GBV Behavioral intention to act increased among men, younger and more educated population Important output indicators: number of reports (62 in three months), number of drivers trained, Action Protocol developed An intervention that advanced the topic in media Good response from national and international media (BBC, el Pais, La Jornada) Local government feeling pressure to design an intervention Scaling up to other cities (Cuernavaca, Mexico; Mumbai, India)