Lecture 25 Electron Configuration Ozgur Unal NIS – CHEMISTRY Lecture 25 Electron Configuration Ozgur Unal

Electron Configuration How do large number of people start seating after they get on a bus?

Ground State Electron Configuration Electrons occupy the orbitals in a similar way with the people on a bus. In order to show this, we use electron configuration. The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the atom’s electron configuration. Low-energy atoms are more stable than high energy atoms. Electrons in an atom tend to assume the arrangement that gives the atom the lowest energy possible. The most stable, lowest energy arrangement of electrons is called the ground state electron configuration.

Ground State Electron Configuration There are 3 rules that define how electrons can be arranged in an atom’s orbitals. Aufbau Principle The Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule The Aufbau Principle: The aufbau principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available. Aufbau diagram shows the sequence of atomic orbitals from lowest energy to highest energy Check Tabe 5.3

The Pauli Exclusion Principle Electrons in orbitals can be represented by arrows in boxes. Each electron has an associated spin. An electron can spin in only one of two directions. Arrow up represents an electron spinning in one direction, arrow down represent one spinning in the other direction. An empty box represents an orbital without electrons. A box with two arrows represents a filled orbital

The Pauli Exclusion Principle The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital and these two electrons must have opposite spins. Wolfgan Pauli (1900-1958) The maximum number of electrons related to each principal energy level is 2n2.

Hund’s Rule Hund’s Rule states that single electrons with the same spin must ocupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals.

Electron Arrangement Electrons in orbitals can be represented by arrows in boxes. Each box is labeled with the principal quantum number and sublevel associated with the orbital. Example: Carbon atom has 6 electrons. In its ground state there are 2 electrons in 1s, 2 electrons in 2s and 2 electrons in 2p.

Electron Configuration Notation The electron configuration notation designates the principal energy level and a energy sublevel associated with each of the atom’s orbitals and incldues a superscript representing the number of electrons in the orbital. Example: Carbon in its ground state 1s2 2s2 2p2 Check Table 5.4 Noble-gas notation: This is a method of representing electron configurations using noble gases. Noble gases are the elements in the last column of the periodic table. Example: Aluminum ---- > [Ne] 3s2 3p1

Electron Configuration Notation

Exceptions to Predicted Configurations There are some exceptions to the electron configurations for some elements. Up to and including Vanadium, we can use the aufbau diagram to write correct ground state electron configurations. For Cr, Cu and some other elements, the configurations is slightly different.

Lecture 26 Valence Electrons Ozgur Unal NIS – CHEMISTRY Lecture 26 Valence Electrons Ozgur Unal

Valence Electrons Valence electrons are defined as electrons in the atom’s outermost orbitals. Example: Sulfur has 16 electrons, 6 of which are at the outermost orbitals (3s and 3p). Sulfur has 6 valence electrons. Example: Cesium has 55 electrons, 1 of which is in the outermost orbital (6s). Cs has 1 valence electron.

Electron-dot Structure American chemist G.N. Lewis devised a method, called electron-dor structure, to show an atoms valence electrons. An atom’s electron-dot structure consists of the element’s symbol, which represents the nucleus and inner-level electrons, surrounded by the dots representing all of the atom’s valence electrons.

Electron-dot Structure Example: Some toothpastes contain stannous fluoride, a compound of tin and fluorine. What is tin’s electron dot structure? Example: An atom of an element has total 13 electrons. What is the element, and how many electrons are shown in its electron-dot structure?