Chapter 16: Classical Genres: Instrumental Music

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 16: Classical Genres: Instrumental Music

The Symphony and the Symphony Orchestra Origins in the sinfonia – Baroque opera overture in three sections (fast – slow – fast) Sections expanded into movements By mid 1700’s, a fourth movement was added (Minuet) Fast – Slow – Minuet – Fast

The Classical Symphony Orchestra Increased in size as the symphony orchestra moved from private court to public auditorium More wind instruments were added to increase variety and color Classical Orchestra Strings: 1st violins, 2nd violins, cellos, double basses (about 27 players total Woodwinds: 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons Brasses: 2 French horns, 2 trumpets (for festive pieces) Percussion: 2 timpani (for festive pieces)

Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor (1788), K Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor (1788), K. 550 First Movement (Molto Allegro) p. 189 Exposition: Development: Recapitulation: Transition theme is extended Brief coda

Mozart: Symphony No. 40 Second Movement: Andante Third Movement: Minuetto: Allegretto Fourth Movement: Allegro Assai

The String Quartet String Quartet: genre of chamber music Created by Joseph Haydn The German writer Goethe compared it to a conversation among four intelligent people Two violins, viola, and cello One player per part Follows four movement form: fast – slow – minuet – fast Figure 16.3 A representation of a string quartet at the end of the eighteenth century. The string quartet was at first an ensemble for playing chamber music in the home. Not until 1804 did a string quartet appear in a public concert in Vienna, and not until 1814 in Paris.

Haydn: Opus 76, No. 3, The “Emperor” Quartet (1797) Second movement, Poco adagio cantabile p.192 Known as the “Emperor” because of its famous theme Theme and Variations form Figure 16.5 Franz II (1765–1835), last Holy Roman Emperor and first emperor of Austria. Haydn composed “The Emperor’s Hymn” in his honor.

The Sonata Genre of chamber music for solo piano or solo instrument accompanied by piano Three movement: fast – slow – fast Figure 16.7 Mozart’s own piano, preserved in the house of his birth in Salzburg, Austria. The keyboard spans only five octaves, and the black-and-white color scheme of the keys is reversed, both typical features of the late-eighteenth-century piano. Mozart purchased the instrument in 1784, two years before he composed his A major piano concerto.

The Concerto Large scale, multimovement work for instrumental soloist and orchestra intended for public audience Three movements (no minuet) Figure 16.9 A young woman performs a keyboard concerto in 1777. When Mozart moved to Vienna in 1781 he was forced to earn a living, so he gave composition lessons (mostly to men) and piano lessons (mostly to women). Among his best female students was Barbara Ployer (1765–1811), for whom he wrote the Piano Concerto in A major (K. 488) discussed here.

Mozart: Piano Concerto in A major (1786), First movement Allegro p.196 Sonata-allegro form Double exposition: Cadenza

Mozart: Piano Concerto in A major Second Movement (Andante): Third Movement (Presto)