The War of 1812 Unit 3, Lesson 1

Essential Idea The War of 1812 helped make the United States a world power and sparked of national pride.

Impressment Cause 1: Impressment Britain and France went to war again in 1803 America declared neutrality and wanted to trade with both Neither Britain or France accepted neutrality Impressment- Britain again captured ships and kidnapped sailors

Impressment The Chesapeake Affair: In 1807, a British warship tried to capture the Chesapeake, an American warship The Chesapeake resisted and the British ship fired upon it and kidnapped sailors Many Americans were furious and called for war

The Embargo Act of 1807 Cause 2: Economic Problems Jefferson proposed an embargo to avoid war The “Damn-bargo”: Embargo Act of 1807- America stopped ALL trade with Europe Good result- kept American ships safe and avoided war Bad result- without European trade, the American economy suffered Embargo Act of 1807

Madison becomes President Election of 1808: James Madison, a Democratic-Republican, was elected president Non-Intercourse Act- restored trade with all of Europe EXCEPT Britain and France The American economy still suffered, and many Americans wanted war

The War Hawks Cause 3: “War Hawks” Elected “War Hawks” wanted war against Britain In 1810, new “War Hawk” congressmen from the South and West were elected Southern anger- Britain had damaged their trade with Europe Western anger- they blamed Britain for Indian attacks on the frontier

Famous War Hawks Notable War Hawks: Henry Clay- later proposed a new economic system for America Clay also developed many compromises to prevent civil war John C. Calhoun- future vice-president under Andrew Jackson

Fighting in the West Cause 4: Native American Attacks Americans violated the Treaty of Greenville and moved into Indian land British troops were still in western forts and armed Indians to attack Americans

Tecumseh Native Americans Unite? Tecumseh- began recruiting and uniting western tribes to protect their lands Battle of Tippecanoe- William Henry Harrison led troops against Indians, crushing Tecumseh’s movement Tecumseh fled to British-owned Canada, confirming that Britain was aiding Indians Battle of Tippecanoe

War Declared In 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain Northern congressmen, Federalists, voted against war Southern and Western congressmen, Democratic-Republicans (and war hawks), voted for war Northern critics called it “Mr. Madison’s War”

Causes of the War of 1812 “W.I.N.E.” W: War Hawks Elected I: Impressment N: Native American Attacks E: Economic Problems

War of 1812 Fighting on the Canadian border: British and American navies fought battles on the Great Lakes Americans burned the city of York, now Toronto Britain tried to invade New York and New England, where Federalists were, but failed If Britain succeeded, the North and possibly the entire war would have been lost America tried to invade Canada at three locations but failed Fighting on the border was a stalemate

Washington, D.C. Attacked Fighting around the Chesapeake Bay: The British navy moved to the Chesapeake Bay and marched soldiers to Washington, D.C. Members of the federal government, including Madison, fled as the British attacked The Capitol building and White House were burned Washington Burned

Battle of Baltimore Battle of Baltimore: The British navy tried to attack Baltimore but were stopped at Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key was inspired by the battle to write what became the “Star-Spangled Banner,” which became the national anthem British ships retreated and the Chesapeake area was saved The Star Spangled Banner

Federalist Opposition Many Federalists opposed fighting Britain Hartford Convention- Federalists met to discuss their opposition to the war Federalists looked unpatriotic when the war ended

Battle of New Orleans Fighting at New Orleans: Britain wanted to capture New Orleans and the Mississippi River to cut off trade Battle of New Orleans- led by Andrew Jackson, American troops beat the British This battle made Jackson a national hero and inspired nationalism (patriotism) throughout the country Battle of New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent Terms: Peace was established All territory returned to original owners The war ended with a truce Americans viewed this as a “Second War of Independence”

War of 1812 Aftermath Economy: Factories grew during the war and America depended less on British manufacturing Politics: William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson became heroes The Federalists looked unpatriotic after the Hartford Convention and “died out” Effects of the War of 1812

War of 1812 Aftermath Foreign relations: International respect- America had become a world power Nationalism: “Era of Good Feelings”- America entered a period of nationalism America turned from Europe and looked west to expand Americans created a unique culture distinct from Europe