By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Final Regents Review: GREECE By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

The Geography of Greece

Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE - 700 BCE

Bronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos)

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Minoan Mycenean

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

GREEK POLIS = CITY-STATES Each was jealous, suspicious of the other Not really “Greek” until Persian Wars - HOPLITES protected the polis - Coinage Kings and tyrants ruled…nobles had land and wealth, peasants worked the land - Oligarchy ruled (wealthy members of society) - DEMOCRACY ….free, adult males could vote Understand this!

Persian Wars: 499 – 480 BCE Persia was the model of all empires: monarchy and most famous king was KING CYRUS which created the empire (took Babylonia and kicked out Jews again)….As an empire, they allowed local people to rule the area, collected taxes, even had post offices – good place w. no slavery Zoroastrianism – first monotheistic religion and had the idea of good vs. evil took place in a god – influenced Judaism and Christianity

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens The Persians lose and Greece is the DOMINANT EMPIRE! THERMOPYLAE - “300”:Spartans vs. Persians The Persians lose and the Greeks send a runner to Athens to spread the news – not really historically accurate, but it inspired the marathon at the Olympics and is a good story Persia and Greek – Xerxes – Persian military leader led thousands of Persians against the Greeks – They called on the Spartans - only 300 Spartans….The Greeks won! It is at this time that the Greeks began to bind together to become a more powerful empire rather than city-states

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates Know thyself! question everything Plato The Academy: Socrates student The Republic  philosopher-king HERODOTUS (father of history) Others? Sophocles (who wrote Oedipus Rex), Pericles (leader of Athens – statesmen), Aristotle, Aristophenes (father of Comedy),

The Acropolis Today Acropolis is a fortress that sits high above a city and is seen as both a monument and a place of protection CITY STATES had political, social, and religious centers

The Parthenon Temple to Athena

The Agora Agora was the marketplace

The Classical Greek “Ideal” These ideas, art, literature, philosophies became lost to the Europeans after Greece fell because Europe was in chaos. But the Greeks spread so far, that their ideas stayed in the east. The Arabs and Indians took some of these ideas and expanded their math, astronomy and philosophies. Europe later “rediscovered” these ideas through the Crusades and in the movement of the Mongols. Euclid (geometry) and Archimedes (physics/pulley)

Olympia

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

ATHENS VS SPARTA Sparta: military camp of preparedness – best soldiers, 7 year olds taken from home and beaten into “warrior-hood”, little culture or art, arrogant and cruel, women had more rights Athens: Believed “superior”, economic & political heart of Greece, loved art and culture, more people, more freedoms, politics important (lots of power changes) – Assembly for all citizens…DEMOCRACY (but only for males) WOMEN generally: duty was to raise children, not a citizen, dowries to their husband upon marriage, lived secluded lives and stayed at home, not a partner for husband - MEN adolescent training in adulthood was supposed to entail a sexual and tutorial-intellectual relationship with an older man…perfection was only possible in the male, so they liked to surround themselves with that ideal – bisexuality.

SPARTA Athens power was based on their NAVY – trireme (fast manoeverable, 170 rower boat) Sparta WON when they used the Navy of the Persians who were still upset at losing the Persian Wars to the Athenian powers

SPARTA Helots  Messenians enslaved by Spartans Thus, Spartans felt they had to be warriors

Peloponnesian Wars Athens became very powerful under Pericles and began to unite other city-states under his rule and went after Sparta for supremacy. Mellians example – didn’t want to get involved, so they killed all the men and enslaved all the women. Lasted a generation – finally Sparta won, but Greece fell into chaos afterwards The City-states began to fight amongst themselves and Sparta and Athens were the center of the fight

"Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire Alexander’s death brought the breakup of the area: Seleucid – sih-LOO-sid Antigonid (an-TIG-u-nid) Ptolemy (Tol-uh-Mays)