Learning Target: (haven’t used) Warm Up – Take out a sheet of paper match the following Protein Synth pieces to their appropriate construction job. Blueprints Workers Master Plan Foreman’s Office Construction Site Building materials Finished Building Nucleus Ribosomes DNA Protein Cell mRNA Amino Acids

Define each word, and describe how they are involved in translation Week 9 4/3 Reminder: Cell phones in backpacks, backpacks at side of the room Define each word, and describe how they are involved in translation the message that gets the information from the nucleus to the ribosome mRNA- Amino acids- Ribosomes- the building blocks that are linked together to form the protein. the “machines” (located in the cytoplasm) that make proteins.

Am I a carrier? Pg 170 AQ 1-6 #6A and C only

Ryan Clark

4/4 TAC Use the flow chart from the central dogma to describe how a change in 1 letter of DNA changes the protein from normal to sickle cell. DNA mRNA protein Observed trait transcription translation protein function (enzyme activity) Change here 1 2 3

Should babies be sequenced? As a class, we will read a story about sequencing babies DNA when their born?

Is sequencing all babies DNA really that far in the future? What was happening in 1997? ….Human Genome Project (mapping the genes of a human) What can we do with DNA today? Notice all the “future uses of DNA” from the video, how many of them can we actually do today? What do you notice about the name of the film?

Title: Genetic Engineering Dilemma Task #1: Tuesday (4/4/17) Task #2: Wednesday (4/5/17) Task: What is the function of CRISPR? Research and briefly describe THREE applications of CRISPR. Hint: 3 ways CRISPR could be used. A new law will make it mandatory to sequence the genetic code of ALL newborn children. Task: State your position….for or against AND defend your position. Task #3: Thursday (4/6/17) In the movie, Vincent (Jerome), was part of a detested group called “borrowed ladder” Describe the scenario of most people being genetically modified and the discrimination against those who aren’t. Task #4: Friday (4/7/17)

Task 1, share with a partner. What was something you found interesting or profound about their statement?

4/6 WHOT Share with your neighbor what you wrote for task II What is something you learned about possibilities of CRISPR

Title: Genetic Engineering Dilemma Task #1: Tuesday (4/4/17) Task #2: Wednesday (4/5/17) Task: What is the function of CRISPR? Research and briefly describe THREE applications of CRISPR. Hint: 3 ways CRISPR could be used. A new law will make it mandatory to sequence the genetic code of ALL newborn children. Task: State your position….for or against AND defend your position. Task #3: Thursday (4/6/17) In the movie, Vincent (Jerome), was part of a detested group called “borrowed ladder” Describe the scenario of most people being genetically modified and the discrimination against those who aren’t. Task 3 writing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAhjPd4uNFY

Protein Synthesis 4 roles mRNA – Go to the nucleus and get the code from the DNA. Must write down bases that compliment the DNA…and use “U” instead of “T”. Ribosome – stays at the ribosome “lab table”, reads the message from mRNA..each 3 letters is a codon, and tells tRNA which anticodon to get.

tRNA – goes to the cytoplasm and gets the correct complimentary anticodon (one at a time) and returns it to the ribosome. Ribosome – turns the anticodon over and writes down the word. Check your sentence with Pollard to see if it is correct. It must be correct before you can move on to the next one.

For full credit you must complete 4 sentences correctly. Each additional sentence completed correctly will be worth 2 extra credit points.

What are the steps and components of the TRANSLATION process? tRNA (transfer RNA)- brings an amino acid to the mRNA and ribosome. One end of a tRNA molecule has a specific amino acid. The other end has an anticodon that complements a mRNA codon. http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/structure/tRNA/trna_intro.htm

The protein chain is built one amino acid at a time. http://www.sciwrite.caltech.edu/journal03/A-L/ding.html

Amino acid tRNA Ribosome mRNA Anti-codon C C G N C H C U A N C - U C U N C + U C C N C + Amino acid N C S C U G N C - tRNA C C A N C H U A C Anti-codon A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A Ribosome mRNA Use the code on page 303 to translate the mRNA sequence.

Amino acid tRNA Ribosome mRNA Anti-codon U C C C C G C U A U C U U A C N C H C U A N C - U C U N C + U C C N C + Amino acid N C S C U G N C - tRNA C C A N C H U A C Anti-codon A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A Ribosome mRNA

Codon U A C U C U A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S U C U N C + A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A Codon

N C S U C U N C + C U G N C - U A C A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A Codon

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + C U G N C - U C U A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

N C S + C U G N C - U C U C C A N C H A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A Codon

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + - C U G C C A N C H A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

N C S + - C U G C C A N C H C C G N C H A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A Codon

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + - H C C A C C G N C H A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + - H U C C N C + C C A C C G N C H A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + - H U C C N C + C C G A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + - H U C C N C + C U A N C - C C G A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A N C S + - H C U A N C - U C C A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

STOP Codon Release factor C U A U C C A U U N C S + - H C U A N C - U C C Release factor A U U A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A STOP Codon

Chain of amino acids (polypeptide) N C S + - H C U A A U U A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A

+ - H N C S + - C H N S N C S + - H + - C H N S Protein folding

+ - H N C S Functional protein

The steps of translation Do you have all the steps? Check your procedure against the animation! http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302

Transcription & translation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&feature=related

Biology Check your Transcription & Translation procedure with a partner. Are you missing any steps? If you are, make sure to add them in! Friday: Exam & Homework Collection

What are the steps of transcription? In the nucleus, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA molecule at the promoter sequence. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strand and uses the TEMPLATE strand to TRANSCRIBE a pre-mRNA copy, using free ribonucleotides. In eukaryotes, the completed pre-mRNA strand is “edited”, removing introns. The remaining exons are spliced together, forming the mRNA. mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it binds a ribosome.

What are the steps of translation? The ribosome scans the mRNA molecule until it finds a START codon (AUG = Methionine). The tRNA with the anticodon that complements the START codon on the mRNA binds to the first site on the ribosome. Another tRNA with the anticodon that complements the second codon on the mRNA binds to the second site on the ribosome.

Translation continued…. 4. A peptide bond forms between the first two amino acids that were linked to the first two tRNA molecules. 5. The first tRNA seperates from its amino acid and leaves, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. 6. The next tRNA brings in the next amino acid, and a peptide bond is formed between this amino acid and the growing amino acid chain. 7. The process continues with the ribosome moving along the mRNA molecule and the amino acids linking together until a STOP codon is reached.

The AMINO ACID sequence of a protein determines its 3-D shape and function. Interactions between amino acids and their environment cause folding and bending of the chain. Examples: Positive (+) and negative (-) parts of amino acids are attracted to each other. Hydrophobic regions are repelled by aqueous solutions and fold up next to each other. Folding http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/proteins/hydrophobic%20force.swf Structure levels http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/proteins/protein structure.swf

How does your DNA determine your traits? mRNA protein Observed trait transcription translation protein function (enzyme activity) Traits are determined by the function of proteins. Protein function is determined by protein shape. Protein shape is determined by amino acid sequence. Amino acid sequence is determined by DNA sequence.

Your question today must include tRNA

Learning Target: 4/2 I can list the different types of mutations and describe how they can effect an organism. Warm Up – Answer the following questions In your own words describe what you think a mutation is. Are mutations always bad?

Mutations What happens if there is a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence? Sometimes mutations cause NO effect on the observed trait! Some mutations can cause subtle effect, Some mutations cause dramatic effects on observed traits in individuals and populations.

Mutations during DNA replication can lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of proteins. A T G G C T C T A A G T DNA sequence: T A C C G A G A T T C A mRNA sequence: A U G G C U C U A A G U amino acid sequence: Met -- Ala -- Leu -- Ser mRNA sequence: A U G G C U A U A A G U amino acid sequence: Met -- Ala -- Iso -- Ser T

How does this mutation change the amino acid sequence? (Original) T T A C G T A T A C G T DNA sequence: A A T G C A T A T G C A mRNA sequence: U U A C G U A U A C G U amino acid sequence: Leu Arg Ile Arg (Mutated) T T A C G T A T A C G T DNA sequence: A A T G C G T A T G C A mRNA sequence: U U A C G C A U A C G U amino acid sequence: Leu Arg Ile Arg This is known as a SILENT mutation

3 types of mutations T Substitution Insertion Deletion T A C C G A G A T T C A T Substituting one nucleotide for another. T A C C G A T G A T T C A Inserting one or more nucleotides T A C C G A G A T T C A Deleting one or more nucleotides

Think of it this way… THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT Substitution: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FAT CAR ATE THE RAT Insertion : THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FRAT CAT ATE THE RAT THE FRA TCA TAT ETH ERA T Deletion: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/08/03-week/

It’s your turn…. Complete both sides of the “Mutations Practice” handout. You will learn how some mutations can affect the amino acid sequence of proteins. Consider how severe of an effect each mutation would have on the ability of the protein to function.

4/3 “I can summarize and analyze the different steps of DNA replication and Protein Synthesis” Warm Up –Directly in Journal. Write a paragraph making an analogy between protein synthesis and a book DNA Chromosome Gene Protein Amino Acid Book Chapter Paragraph Sentence Word

Think about it…. We’ve studied replication, transcription, and translation. A mistake in which of these processes would result in a mutation? All three! But only a mistake in REPLICATION gets passed down to daughter cells.

Mutation Practice Which mutations had the biggest effect on the protein sequence? WHY? Which mutations had the smallest effect on the protein sequence? WHY? Which examples would you predict to have the biggest effects on a trait? WHY? Which examples would you predict to have the smallest effects on a trait? WHY?

Different types of mutations happen Substitution Insertion Deletion T A C C G A G A T T C A T T A C C G A T G A T T C A T A C C G A G A T T C A

Frameshift mutations One or more than one nucleotide can be added or deleted with insertion and deletion mutations. If the number of nucleotides is not a multiple of 3, it is called a frameshift mutation. Why do we call this a frameshift mutation? Can substitution mutations cause frameshifts? Explain why or why not. Students discuss in partners/small group Discuss briefly as class Students write answers INDIVIDUALLY (no talking answers to question on notecard and pass in for assessment)

Consequences of mutations… If a mutation in sperm or egg DNA is not fixed, the new sequence of DNA is passed on to offspring. Over generations, more mutations accumulate. As a result, differences occur between people’s DNA sequences!

How much variation in DNA exists between 2 people? Hemoglobin (beta) gene sequence from person A

How much variation in DNA exists between 2 people? Hemoglobin (beta) gene sequence from person B

How much variation in DNA exists between 2 people? About 1 in every 1,000 nucleotides is different between 2 people (0.1% difference means 99.9% identical) We have about 3 billion nucleotides in all, so that means there are about 3 million nucleotide differences between 2 people

What is the observed effect of mutations? No Effect (think about it: are there 3 million differences between 2 people?) Why? Some mutations code for the same amino acid Most mutations are in sequences of DNA between genes. Variation – there are a variety of traits in a population.

Variation can lead to genetic diseases (p. 346-348) Many alleles are harmless, but some can cause specific diseases. One disease caused by a single mutation in the gene encoding hemoglobin is sickle cell anemia. Human b-hemoglobin GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG Hu b-hemoglobin (sickle cell allele) GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG

DNA Fun Facts: Did you know? Each human cell has 3.2 billion bases of DNA that must be copied each time a cell divides If you were to copy one base per second, it would take the human genome 96 years to replicate before a cell could divide.

Replication of DNA and Chromosomes Speed of DNA replication: 3,000 nucleotides/min in human 30,000 nucleotides/min in E.coli Accuracy of DNA replication: Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt) AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and function

The “Central Dogma” AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and function

Q: Where is a gene located in DNA? A: All over the place. Human chromosomes consists of stretches of DNA that have information (genes) interspersed with stretches of DNA that don’t seem to contain genetic information.