Fuel Properties and Vehicle Performance Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop Petron Mega Plaza Makati City, Metro Manila, Aug. 22, 2006 Yasunori TAKEI Fuel & Lubricant committee Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Automobiles and the Environment Global Environment Urban Environment Clean Fuels Emissions VOC,NOx,PM CO2 Alternative Fuels Recycle Energy Security Economy Safety Convenience Bio Fuels Quality Fuels

Gasoline Systems and Gasoline Quality

Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation In Asia

Current Level of Technology Gasoline Engines NOx Cold emission Hot Technologies HC Upstream Located Catalyst Cascade Catalyst HC Adsorption Catalyst Double Wall Exh. Manifold VVT Transient A/F Control Reduced Crevice Volume Improved Catalyst (High Cell Density etc.) Swirl Enhanced Increase Cat. Size,Pt-Loading NOx Catalyst Improvement Electronic Control EGR X

Emission Control Level and counter-measures on Gasoline Passenger Cars Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 HC NOx CO 1 2 3 0.5 1.0 EM TWC(13R) 1O2S TYPICAL SYSTEM g/km S/C(7R) TWC(9R) OBD 2O2S S<50 ppm S<150 ppm S<500 ppm Euro4

Technology Trend for Low Emission Key is to maximize the catalyst performance. Minute air fuel ratio (A/F) control - Intelligent A/F management (high performance ECU etc.) - improving atomization of injected fuel (multi hole injector etc.) - Feedback systems (A/F sensor, 2O2 sensors system etc.) Quick warm-up of catalyst - Small size warm-up catalyst - Insulated exhaust manifold - Sophisticated engine control (Ignition timing, A/F control etc.) 3. Improving catalyst performance itself 　- High cell density catalyst 　 - High loading of precious metals

CVS-cont Chart JAPAN 11mode Emission Chart of J-ULEV CVS-cont Chart JAPAN 11mode

Fuel Quality for Low Emissions Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance; For air fuel ratio control Distillation properties Detergent (preventing deposits) For quicker warm up of catalyst Lowering sulfur Metal Free For keeping higher conversion efficiency

Effects of Sulfur in Gasoline on Exhaust Emissions 150 LEV1-LEV LEV2 ULEV SULEV LEV1-LEV LEV2 ULEV SULEV 150 SULEV 100 100 SULEV Relative THC Relative NOx 50 50 LEV,ULEV LEV,ULEV -50 -50 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 200 300 400 500 600 Sulfur　(ppmw) Sulfur　(ppmw) SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle, LEV : Low Emission Vehicle SAE 2000-01-2019

Effects of increasing Cell Density of Catalyst on Emission Reduction Catalyst Capacity : 0.9L Aging Condition : 50k-mile equivalent quick aged on engine dyno. 0.3 0.2 1mil=25um 2 (or 4) mil is Thickness Density is number of cell per 1 inch2 Cold Bag NMHC, g/mile 0.1 4mil 400cpsi*1) 2mil 600cpsi 2mil 800cpsi 2mil 900cpsi (current) Cell Density SAE 2003-01-0817(Re-arrange) *1) Estimation from the figure in the paper

Effects of Metal (Mn) on Ex. Emissions 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Miles NMOG - g/mi Reference LDV 100K Std 0.05 0.15 0.20 NOx - g/mi 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 CO - g/mi 20 21 22 23 24 25 mpg Clear MMT Alliance of Automobile Manufactures (2002)

Impact of Metal (Mn) Impact of MMT on Tier 1/LEV Parts at 50,000 miles w/ MMT w/o MMT Catalysts from the Market Canada South Africa World Wide Fuel Charter 4th Edition (2006)、the 2002 AAM, AIAM, CVMA automaker study (6 years, US $8 million), OEM data

Impact of Metal (Fe) OEM Data

(*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit) Effects of IVD on Emissions (*IVD=Intake Valve Deposit) 149 HC 100 100 50 CO 101 100 100 Relative Exhaust Emissions 50 127 NOx 100 100 50 Removal of Rating '6' Rating '9 - 10' IVD (dirty) (Clean) OEM data

Diesel Systems and Diesel Fuel Quality

Trends of Emission and Fuel Regulation In Asia

Emission Control Level and counter-measures on Diesel Passenger Cars Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 HC NOx CO 1 2 3 0.5 1.0 PM 0.05 0.10 0.15 TYPICAL SYSTEM VE EGR OC EM CR g/km S<50 ppm S<350 ppm S<500 ppm

Diesel Emission Control Technologies

Fuel Quality for Low Emissions Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems For catalyst and EGR Lowering sulfur For reducing engine-out emissions Increasing Cetane Lowering aromatics and T90 For CR-DI systems Metal Free Keep Lubricity Less impurities (Good house keeping)

Sulfur Effects on PM from CR-DPF System 0.6 Japanese D13 Mode 0.5 SOF Sulfate Fry Soot + H2O 0.4 PM , g/km 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Test Fuel D500 D100 D50 DK50 K50 K10 (Sulfur, ppm) (500) (100) (50) (50) (50) (10) JCAP data, 2002

Calcium Additive Effects on Injector Deposits Metals in Diesel Calcium Additive Effects on Injector Deposits With deposit Cleanup 10 20 30 Black Smoke (%) Free Acceleration Idling

Worldwide Fuel Charter 4 Lean NOx Technologies Sulfur Free Fuels Markets with advanced requirements for emissions control 3 Quality upgrades Markets with stringent requirements for emissions control 2 Markets with no or minimal requirements for emissions control 1 Proposed 4th Edition

Conclusions Quality fuels are necessary to achieve lower emission. Key properties for gasoline Sulfur, Metal Free, Distillation Properties, Detergency Key properties for diesel fuel Sulfur, Metal Free, Lubricity, Impurities, Cetane, T90 For bio fuels, adequate specification and quality control in the market is necessary. Fuel monitoring system and good house keeping are also important to keep the quality at the pump. WWFC 4th edition is coming soon. JAMA strongly recommends WWFC.