Warm-Up #2: Sample Test Questions Which one of the following is true about the ATP molecule? It contains two phosphate groups. Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose It contains a nitrogenous base molecule called adenine None of the choices are correct ATP can be used as the cell’s energy currency because Cellular functions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP. ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell. Cellular functions can be fueled by coupling them with the breakdown of ATP to ADP. All of the above are true. None of the choices are correct.

Photosynthesis Chapter 7

Photosynthesis Overview Purpose of “light” reactions: Convert light energy into NADPH and ATP (energy storing molecule) Purpose of the Calvin Cycle: Use energy in NADPH and ATP and carbon in CO2 to construct glucose

What you need to know! How photosystems convert solar energy into chemical energy How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2. How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions. How the Calvin cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reactions to produce glucose.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis Big Picture (85%) Equation: Light + H2O + CO2 → C6H12O6 + O2 2 stages Light Reactions - Thylakoid Calvin Cycle - Stroma

Physics of Light Light has energy ROY G BIV: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet

Chlorophyll Chlorophyll has 2 different versions: chlorophyll a and b Absorbance spectrums for both pigments maximize absorbance in the red and blue range

Light Reactions - Thylakoid Photosystems combine with an electron transport chain to create a H+ gradient (very similar to CR) and NADPH Photosystem II → ETC → Photosystem I → NADPH Chemiosmosis (photophosphorylation) makes the ATP

Calvin Cycle - Stroma Energy molecules generated in the light reactions power the production of sugar (G3P) The sugar (G3P) is made from Carbon Dioxide One Carbon Dioxide is attached with each turn of the Calvin Cycle How many turns of the cycle are required to make glucose (C6H12O6)? CO2 + ATP + NADPH -----> Sugar (G3P)

Additional Resources Mr. Anderson (Bozeman) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g78utcL QrJ4 Taylor swift’s “Trouble” parody: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ww33L0l D37I

Photosynthesis Diagram For “Light” and “Dark” (Calvin Cycle) reactions: Use page 114-116 of textbook Draw diagram and label molecules and steps. Explain each step (red numbers) in your own words Indicate reactants and products for both reactions Indicate where in chloroplast the reaction occurs.

Paper Chromatography Technique for separating and identifying pigments from cell extracts. The solvent moves up chromatography paper by diffusion Pigments (solutes) are dissolved in the solvent and are carried up the paper

Paper Chromatography Differing pigments have different properties: Structure/Function Different bands form as the solutes separate while they migrate up the paper

Lab set up resources Creating a vacuum to remove air from leaves https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnY9_wMZZWI