Immigration and Crimes in Oil Producing Countries United Arab Emirates , A Model Professor Fayez Elessawy. Geography and Urban Planning Dept United Arab Emirates University

Organization of the Study The study focuses on : Geographical background of the UAE The role of guest workers in changing population size Development of crimes’ ratio among guest workers during the period 1985-2005 The spatial distribution of crimes according to nationalities

UAE Geographical Background The Country (established in 1971) is a federation of Seven Emirates Area : 83,000 Km2 Total population 2014: 9.4 million (Emirati Citizen are 1.2m) Main features (2014) Gross national Income/capita : $58,000 Birth Rate : 15/1,000 Infant mortality rate : 6.6/1,000 Population Composition: Young 16%; Youth 83%; Old 1% UAE is considered one of the largest producers of Oil and Gas in the world & is extremely reliant on oil revenues. Those revenues are used to enhance infrastructure and human development.

United Arab Emirates Map Arabian Gulf

Geographic Location of the United Arab Emirates Iraq Iran Pakistan Egypt Arabian Gulf Saudi Arabia India Oman Sudan Arabian Sea Yemen

The Role of Guest Workers in Changing Population Size Between 1985 to 2014, the population increased from 0.5 million to 9.4 million in only 30 years UAE has one of the highest annual population growth rate in the world of more than 5% Declining rates of natural increase Increasing influx of immigration to the country since 1975 UAE attracts guest workers from countries all over the world - mostly Asians and Arabs The percentage of foreigners to total population increased from 62% in 1975 to more than 86% in 2014

Population Growth of the United Arab Emirates

The Increasing Percentage of Guest Workers to Total Population of UAE

Guest Workers Effect on Emirati Labor Force They are working in all fields of jobs - skilled and unskilled Increasing number & percentage of Asians (65% in 1985 to 70% in 2005); by contrast the percentage of Arabs are decreasing 50% of the total labor force is mostly from India 92% of the labor force is guest workers the percentage differ from one Emirate to another The highest is in Dubai (96%), followed by Sharjah (93%), then Ajman and Abu Dhabi Increasing the national unemployment to 15%

The Increase of Asian Workers in UAE Year Asian Arabs European African American Other 1985 65 31 2.3 0.5 0.4 0.6 2005 70 25 2.9 0.9

Percentage of Guest Workers to Total Population of the Emirates of the Country Abu Dhabi Dubai Sharjah Ajman OM.Quin RAK Fujarah Guest Workers 75 90 82.5 81 66 58 55 25 10 17.5 19 34 42 45

Growth of Crimes’ Ratio Among Foreigners 1985-2005 The dominate crimes among foreigners in the UAE are money fraud ( 69%) , violence (19%) , illegal residency (9.5%) and drugs (2.5%).

There is a very evident increase in crime rates An increase to 162% in the last 20 years Largest increase was in drugs 450% followed by money fraud 320%

Money Fraud Crime Increased by 320% Most of the crimes are concentrated in Dubai 44% and Sharjah 32% (76% total); the lowest are in low income Emirates such as RAK ,Fujairah and Ajman. It’s worth noting that Abu Dhabi experienced the highest increase of money fraud (470% compared to Dubai 270%) in the last 20 years . The spatial distribution of money fraud crimes differ from one emirate to another based on standard of living money pilfering is very high in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah comprising 85% of the country total robbery is concentrated in Dubai 65%, followed by Sharjah 25% car theft in Abu Dhabi is 54% Home invasion/robbery in Abu Dhabi is 35%; Dubai is 22%; and Sharjah is 20%

Violent Crimes The spatial distribution of violent crimes shows that it is very low in the rich emirates; it’s only 2.5/10,000 in Abu Dhabi and less than 2.5/1000 in Dubai compared to 10/1000 in RAK Quarreling & physical altercations are the dominant crimes among the immigrants in all of the Emirates followed by the crimes of sexual assault and rape - which dominate in Dubai and Sharjah Pre-meditated murder is very low among all the immigrants and account for less than 1/10,000

Illegal Residency The percentage of increase is very high in the eastern part of the country such as Sharjah, Fujairah and RAK The eastern parts facing Oman sea are especially high due to a large umber of Afghanis, Pakistanis, Indians, Bangladeshis and Iranians infiltrating across the state borders Most of them are seeking job opportunities and a better quality of life The largest number of illegal residents are in Dubai and Sharjah

Drug Crimes It has increased by 450% during the period 1985-2005 Dubai has the highest percentage 50%, followed by Sharjah 20% Drug dealing represents 20% of the total & the majority of the drug dealers are from Iran and Afghanistan Drug abuse represents 80% of the total & 42% of the drug users are Emirati youth - dominating in Dubai, Sharjah and Fujairah

Rate of Crimes per 10 thousand by Emirati Region

In Brief The UAE population consists of various nationalities & the majority of the population are foreigners The crime types differ from one place to another according to the percentage of foreigners and their nationality Violence Money Fraud illegal Migrants Drugs Alcohol Drinkers Asians 16 52 14.5 2.5 15 Arabs 13 67.5 7.5 9 3 Europe to Western 12 69 7 2 10

Every Nationality is Characterized by a Specific Kind of Crime Crimes Asians Arabs Western Money Fraud H L Philippine + Iran 67 Bang + Sri 35 Lebanon 86 Yemen+somalia 50 USA+UK 75 Russia 22 Residence H Afghan + Bang 33 Philippine + India 10 Yemen 10 Lebanon 5 Russia 29 USA+UK 1 Violence H Sri Lanka +Bang 25 India 10 Yemen + Iraq 25 Lebanon 7 Italy 10 France + German 1 Drugs H Iran + Afghan 13 India + Bang 0.3 Iraq + Egypt 10 Sudan +Palestine 2 USA 3 France+Russia 0.5 Alcohol H India 25 Pakistan + Bang 2 Sudan 14 Palestine 1.3 Russia+Australia18 UK + German 2

Conclusion The United Arab Emirates has to rely on skilled foreign workers from other countries The proportion of non-nationals has reached 80% of the total population Despite the great positive role of the immigrants, this situation has led to many problems in the population age and sex structure; as well as bringing many serious negative cultural and social consequences especially the increase rate of crimes The main goal of this study is to analyze the development of crimes and spatial distribution of various crimes according to geographical areas & nationalities This study focuses on the common and prevailing crimes i.e. money fraud, drugs, physical violence & aggression, and illegal immigrants Types of crimes differ from one Emirate to another as a result of geographical landscape, percentage of immigrants, and standard of living - which clearly differ from one Emirate to another Types of crime also differ from one nationality to another. Crimes committed by Asians differ from those committed by Europeans or Americans. On a smaller scale, the types of crimes differ according to the region where the immigrant comes from, eg. the crimes of the Russians differ from the Indians or Egyptians