Hydropower in Serbia Jelena Zlatar Faculty of Applied Ecology Futura, Singidunum University Belgrade, Serbia “Future water use and the challenge of hydropower development in western Balkan” 11-13 February 2013 Ljubljana, Slovenia

Adapted from Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia Hydrology of Serbia Black Sea drainage basin - 81,261 km²  - 92% Adriatic Sea drainage basin - 4,500 km²  - 5% Aegean Sea drainage basin - 2,650 km²  - 3% Adapted from Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia

Hydrology of Serbia Palić lake Đerdap Vlasina lake

Electrical energy production in Serbia In thermal power plants – lignite - 5171 MW installed Hydro power plants 2831 MW Thermal power station -oil and natural gas - 353 MW Total 8359 MW

Hydropower potential and production* Total hydropower potential - 31000 GWh/year 62% in use Annual production is 9180 GWh - 25.5% of the total annual electricity production Installed capacity is 2831 MW - 34% of the total installed power for the production of electricity * EPS anuall report, 2011.(in Serbian)

Hydropower plant “Pod gradom” 1900. on Đetinja river Tesla’s principles of alternating current http://www.panoramio.com/photo/28186578

Đerdap 1 / Iron Gate 1* The bigest Hydroelectric Power Station in Serbia The largest dam on the Danube river Serbian side of the power station produces 5.4 TWh 1972. one of the largest hydroelectric power stations in the world with twelve units generating 2,052 MW * HE Đerdap (in Serbian)

Environmental impact slowdown in the flow upstream from a reservoir increasing the level of groundwater disrupting migration routes of fish species that spawn upstream change of microclimate methane gas from organic material in sediment

Small-scale hydropotential Under 10 MW capacities of around 500 MW annual power generation of 2400 GWh 5-10% of installed capacity, and 3% of the total capacity of renewable energy sources in Serbia

Small-scale hydroelectric power plants 856 locations in Serbia (central)* 13 locations in Vojvodina 31 small-scale hydroelectric power plants in operation - total installed power 34 654 MW - annual production of 150 GWh 38 out of operation - 8 667 MW total power - 37 GWh in annual production *Cadastre of small hydropower plants in Serbia, Energoprojekt-Hidroinženjering, 1991, Belgrade, Serbia

Classification of municipalities by potential annual production of electricity by small hydro power plants Potential annual production of electricity by municipalities in small hydro MUNICIPALITIES Group 1 (up to 1,000,000 kWh) Kragujevac, Lazarevac, Knić, Kladovo, Niška Banja, Ražanj, Arbour, Opovo, Major Group 2 (1,000,000 - 10,000,000 kWh) Vrnjačka Banja, Osečina, Blace, Rekovac, Aleksinac, Loznica, Golubac Lebane, Sombor, Becej, Lučani Žitište, Medvedja, Bujanovac, Krupanj, Gadžin Han, Majdanpek, Mionica, Vrbas, Kosjerić, Zrenjanin, Kučevo, Mali Zvornik, Ljig, Paraćin, Bela Crkva, Svrljig Group 3 (10,000,000 - 50,000,000 kWh) Bor, Negotin, Dimitrovgrad, Prokuplje, Aleksandrovac, Sokobanja, Vladičin Han, Kruševac, Užice, Ljubovija, Novi Sad, Babušnica, Boljevac, Arilje, Žagubica, Despotovac, Bjelovar, Vlasotince, Niš, Valjevo, Leskovac, Knjaževac, Surdulica, Čajetina, Bosilegrad, Priboj, Trgovište, Nova Varoš, Vranje, Kuršumlija, Tutin, Brus Group 4 (50,000,000 - 100,000,000 kWh) Novi Bečej, Novi Pazar, Bela Palanka, Zaječar, Prijepolje, Crna Trava, Kraljevo, Pirot Group 5 (over 100,000,000 kWh) Raška, Ivanjica

Classification of municipalities by potential annual production of electricity by small hydro power plants

Benefits and flaws Main benefits • It is a renewable energy source • The technology has been tested in both local and global practice • High efficiency, reliability and longevity • Low cost of operation and maintenance • Low impact on the environment. Basic flaws • High startup costs • Dependence on rainfall • Flooding of land • Changes in fish habitat and disrupt of migration.

Conclusions and perspectives Present economic situation in Serbia unfavorable for investments in the renewable energy industry Only a smaller part of the available hydro resources will be utilized in near future Small hydropower should become increasingly desirable

Thank you!